This article compares and contrasts Sartre’s discussion of the look with Schutz’s theory of intersubjectivity and applies their ideas to race relations. While both focus mostly on face-to-face interpersonal encounters, for Sartre these encounters are fraught with conflict, each partner endeavoring to make the other an object while regaining one’s own subjectivity and thus one’s ability to pursue one’s own goals. Sartre’s theory reveals what interracial relationships have been, especially since colonization: how the look objectifies the racial other and turns that person’s “for-itself” into “for-others.” Schutz, on the other hand, sees interpersonal encounters in ideal terms as harmonious and cooperative, implying shared culture. That assumption presents problems for cross-cultural and cross-racial relationships. Schutz, however, shows how mere simultaneity can include seeing the other as Thou, which would imply respect for a stranger. While Sartre and Schutz both deal with intersubjectivity, they see it differently. Sartre shows no outlet from conflict, whereas Schutz provides seeds for relationships that could be harmonious even without shared culture if the partners in interactions approach each other as Thou, respecting and appreciating their differences.

本文将萨特对外观的讨论与舒茨的主体间性理论进行了比较和对比，并将他们的观点应用于种族关系。虽然两者都主要关注面对面的人际交往，但对萨特来说，这些交往充满了冲突，每一方都努力使对方成为客体，同时重新获得自己的主体性，从而获得追求自己目标的能力。萨特的理论揭示了什么是跨种族关系，尤其是自殖民以来：外表如何将种族中的他者物化，并将那个人的“为自己”转变为“为他人”。另一方面，舒茨认为人际交往在理想情况下是和谐和合作的，暗示着共同的文化。这种假设给跨文化和跨种族关系带来了问题。然而，舒茨 展示了单纯的同时性如何包括将他人视为你，这意味着对陌生人的尊重。虽然萨特和舒茨都处理主体间性，但他们的看法不同。萨特没有显示冲突的出路，而舒茨则为即使没有共同文化也能和谐相处的关系提供了种子，前提是互动中的合作伙伴将彼此视为“你”，尊重并欣赏他们的差异。