The mucosal immune system contributes for the largest component of the tissue immune system due to its massive surface area and constant exposure to the microbiota. The gut microbiota comprises a complex micro-ecosystem in the intestine and plays a major role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Several studies revealed that infectious diseases involve bidirectional interactions in the gut microenvironment, including changes in the gut microbiota composition. During Plasmodium infection, an increase of pro-inflammatory cells in the lamina propria and a shift in the composition of the gut microbiota contribute to intestinal ecosystem dysbiosis. Although the mechanisms of this dysbiosis is still uncertain, it is thought to be associated with the sequestration of infected red blood cells in the intestinal microvascular system, leading to endothelial villous disruption, and thus activating effector immune cells scattered in the intestinal epithelium and lamina propria. This review provides information on this conjoint interaction which will be beneficial to modulate the host immune response in malaria through manipulation of the gut microbiota composition.

中文翻译：

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疟原虫感染和生态失调：宿主-寄生虫相互作用的新范例

粘膜免疫系统由于其巨大的表面积和不断暴露于微生物群而成为组织免疫系统的最大组成部分。肠道微生物群包含肠道中复杂的微生态系统，在调节先天性和适应性免疫方面起着重要作用。几项研究表明，传染病涉及肠道微环境中的双向相互作用，包括肠道微生物群组成的变化。疟原虫期间感染、固有层中促炎细胞的增加以及肠道菌群组成的变化导致肠道生态系统失调。尽管这种生态失调的机制仍不确定，但它被认为与肠道微血管系统中受感染红细胞的隔离有关，导致内皮绒毛破坏，从而激活散布在肠上皮和固有层中的效应免疫细胞. 这篇综述提供了有关这种联合相互作用的信息，这将有利于通过操纵肠道微生物群组成来调节宿主在疟疾中的免疫反应。