Acquired demyelinating syndromes of the central nervous system are immune-mediated demyelinating disorders that can affect the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. These disorders have become increasingly recognized in children due to advances in imaging techniques, improvements in diagnostic testing, extensive research into understanding the pathophysiology underlying these disorders, and collaborative multi-institutional efforts to raise awareness of these disorders in children. Moreover, developments in the field of neuroimmunology have allowed us to identify autoantibodies that have presumed causal roles in acquired demyelinating syndromes. Identification of these autoantibodies helps determine clinical course (ie, monophasic vs relapsing course), prognosis, and treatment approach. Acquired demyelinating disorders can affect both children and adults. However, the clinical features, disease course, and treatments are often unique in the pediatric population. Thus, it is important to understand the spectrum of these disorders in children to help provide a timely diagnosis and prompt treatment to achieve optimal outcomes. In this article, the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of the most common monophasic acquired demyelinating syndromes in children will be reviewed.

中枢神经系统获得性脱髓鞘综合征是免疫介导的脱髓鞘疾病，可影响大脑、视神经和脊髓。由于影像技术的进步、诊断测试的改进、对了解这些疾病的病理生理学的广泛研究以及多机构的合作努力以提高对儿童这些疾病的认识，这些疾病在儿童中已得到越来越多的认识。此外，神经免疫学领域的发展使我们能够识别出推测在获得性脱髓鞘综合征中起因果作用的自身抗体。这些自身抗体的鉴定有助于确定临床病程（即单相病程与复发病程）、预后和治疗方法。获得性脱髓鞘疾病会影响儿童和成人。然而，儿科人群的临床特征、病程和治疗往往是独特的。因此，了解儿童这些疾病的范围非常重要，有助于及时诊断和及时治疗，以实现最佳结果。本文将综述儿童最常见的单相获得性脱髓鞘综合征的流行病学、临床特征、诊断、治疗和结果。