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Methods and software to analyze gene-environment interactions under a case-mother - control-mother design with partially missing child genotype
Human Heredity ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-26 , DOI: 10.1159/000529559
Alexandre Bureau 1, 2 , Yuang Tian 3 , Patrick Levallois 1, 4, 5 , Yves Giguère 5, 6 , Jinbo Chen 7 , Hong Zhang 8
Affiliation  

Introduction: The case-mother - control-mother design allows to study fetal and maternal genetic factors together with environmental exposures on early-life outcomes. Mendelian constraints and conditional independence between child genotype and environmental factors enabled semiparametric likelihood methods to estimate logistic models with greater efficiency than standard logistic regression. Difficulties in child genotype collection require methods handling missing child genotype. Methods: We review a stratified retrospective likelihood and two semiparametric likelihood approaches: a prospective one and a modified retrospective one, the latter either modeling the maternal genotype as a function of covariates or leaving their joint distribution unspecified (robust version). We also review software implementing these modelling alternatives, compare their statistical properties in a simulation study, and illustrate their application, focusing on gene-environment interactions and partially missing child genotype. Results; The robust retrospective likelihood provides generally unbiased estimates, with standard errors only slightly larger than when modelling maternal genotype based on exposure. The prospective likelihood encounters maximization problems. In the application to the association of small-for-gestational-age babies with CYP2E1 and drinking water disinfection by-products, the retrospective likelihood allowed a full array of covariates, while the prospective likelihood was limited to few covariates. Conclusion: We recommend the robust version of the modified retrospective likelihood.


中文翻译:

在部分缺失儿童基因型的病例-母亲-对照-母亲设计下分析基因-环境相互作用的方法和软件

简介:病例-母亲-对照-母亲设计可以研究胎儿和母亲的遗传因素以及环境暴露对早期生命结果的影响。儿童基因型和环境因素之间的孟德尔约束和条件独立性使半参数似然方法能够比标准逻辑回归更有效地估计逻辑模型。儿童基因型收集的困难需要处理缺失儿童基因型的方法。方法:我们回顾了分层回顾性似然法和两种半参数似然法:一种前瞻性方法和一种改进的回顾性方法,后者要么将母体基因型建模为协变量的函数,要么不指定其联合分布(稳健版本)。我们还审查了实现这些建模替代方案的软件,在模拟研究中比较它们的统计特性,并说明它们的应用,重点关注基因与环境的相互作用和部分缺失的儿童基因型。结果; 稳健的回顾性可能性提供了总体上无偏倚的估计,标准误差仅略大于根据暴露情况对母体基因型进行建模时的标准误差。预期可能性遇到最大化问题。在应用小于胎龄儿与 CYP2E1 和饮用水消毒副产物的关联时,回顾性可能性允许使用完整的协变量,而前瞻性可能性仅限于少数协变量。结论:我们推荐修改后的回顾性可能性的稳健版本。重点关注基因与环境的相互作用和部分缺失的儿童基因型。结果; 稳健的回顾性可能性提供了总体上无偏倚的估计,标准误差仅略大于根据暴露情况对母体基因型进行建模时的标准误差。预期可能性遇到最大化问题。在应用小于胎龄儿与 CYP2E1 和饮用水消毒副产物的关联时,回顾性可能性允许使用完整的协变量,而前瞻性可能性仅限于少数协变量。结论:我们推荐修改后的回顾性可能性的稳健版本。重点关注基因与环境的相互作用和部分缺失的儿童基因型。结果; 稳健的回顾性可能性提供了总体上无偏倚的估计,标准误差仅略大于根据暴露情况对母体基因型进行建模时的标准误差。预期可能性遇到最大化问题。在应用小于胎龄儿与 CYP2E1 和饮用水消毒副产物的关联时,回顾性可能性允许使用完整的协变量,而前瞻性可能性仅限于少数协变量。结论:我们推荐修改后的回顾性可能性的稳健版本。标准误差仅略大于基于暴露的母体基因型建模时的标准误差。预期可能性遇到最大化问题。在应用小于胎龄儿与 CYP2E1 和饮用水消毒副产物的关联时,回顾性可能性允许使用完整的协变量,而前瞻性可能性仅限于少数协变量。结论:我们推荐修改后的回顾性可能性的稳健版本。标准误差仅略大于基于暴露的母体基因型建模时的标准误差。预期可能性遇到最大化问题。在应用小于胎龄儿与 CYP2E1 和饮用水消毒副产物的关联时,回顾性可能性允许使用完整的协变量,而前瞻性可能性仅限于少数协变量。结论:我们推荐修改后的回顾性可能性的稳健版本。而预期可能性仅限于少数协变量。结论:我们推荐修改后的回顾性可能性的稳健版本。而预期可能性仅限于少数协变量。结论:我们推荐修改后的回顾性可能性的稳健版本。
更新日期:2023-04-26
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