This paper develops a quality-ladder growth model with elastic labor supply and distortionary taxes to analyze the effects of different subsidy instruments: subsidies to the production of final goods, subsidies to the purchase of intermediate goods, and subsidies to research and development (R&D). Moreover, the model is calibrated to the US data to compare the growth and welfare implications of these subsidies. The main results are as follows. First, we analytically show that an optimal coordination of all instruments attains the first-best outcome. Second, in the calibrated economy, we numerically find that for the use of a single instrument, R&D subsidy is less growth-enhancing and welfare-improving than the other subsidies, whereas for the use of a mix of two instruments, subsidizing the production of final goods and the purchase of intermediate goods is most effective in promoting growth but least effective in raising welfare.

中文翻译：

---

具有弹性劳动力的质量阶梯模型中补贴对增长和福利的影响

本文建立了一个具有弹性劳动力供给和扭曲性税收的质量阶梯增长模型，以分析不同补贴工具的效果：对最终产品生产的补贴、对中间产品购买的补贴以及对研发（R＆D）的补贴。此外，该模型根据美国数据进行了校准，以比较这些补贴对增长和福利的影响。主要结果如下。首先，我们分析表明，所有工具的最佳协调可以获得最佳结果。其次，在校准经济中，我们从数字上发现，对于使用单一工具，研发补贴的增长促进作用和福利改善作用低于其他补贴，而对于两种工具的混合使用，