Incidental bidirectional naming (Inc-BiN) has been defined as a verbal developmental cusp whereby children demonstrate learning the names of things as listener and speaker as a function of observation alone. Stimulus characteristics have been found to affect performance in tests for Inc-BiN. To further explore this effect, Experiment 1 compared untaught listener and speaker responses for novel familiar-type versus novel nonfamiliar-type stimuli with 20 first-grade students following naming experiences in which the participants observed each visual stimulus five times while hearing its name. Participants performed significantly better with familiar-type than with nonfamiliar-type stimuli. Experiment 2 examined the effects of a repeated-probe intervention to induce Inc-BiN with nonfamiliar-type stimuli. Participants were six first-grade students who demonstrated incidental unidirectional naming (i.e., acquired names as listener from exposure alone). Implementation of the intervention was staggered across dyads of participants in a multiple-probe, simultaneous-treatments design. One participant in each dyad received the intervention with nonfamiliar-type stimuli only and the other with both nonfamiliar- and familiar-type stimuli. Pre- and postintervention Inc-BiN probes with stimuli not included in the intervention suggested both conditions were effective in establishing Inc-BiN for nonfamiliar-type stimuli. These findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying Inc-BiN.

中文翻译：

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更复杂的偶然双向命名仅来自暴露

附带双向命名（Incidential bidirectional naming，Inc-BiN）被定义为语言发展的尖峰，儿童通过观察来展示作为听者和说话者学习事物的名称。已发现刺激特性会影响 Inc-BiN 测试中的性能。为了进一步探索这种效果，实验 1 比较了未受过训练的听者和说话者对新颖的熟悉类型与新颖的非熟悉类型刺激的反应，20 名一年级学生在命名体验后观察了每个视觉刺激五次，同时听到了它的名字。与非熟悉类型的刺激相比，参与者在熟悉类型的刺激下的表现要好得多。实验 2 检查了重复探测干预对使用不熟悉类型的刺激诱导 Inc-BiN 的影响。参与者是六名一年级学生，他们表现出偶然的单向命名（即，作为听众单独从接触中获得的名字）。在多探针、同时治疗设计中，干预的实施在参与者的二元对中交错进行。每个二元组中的一名参与者仅接受不熟悉类型刺激的干预，另一名参与者同时接受不熟悉类型和熟悉类型刺激的干预。干预前和干预后的 Inc-BiN 探针与干预中未包括的刺激表明这两种情况都有效地建立了用于非熟悉类型刺激的 Inc-BiN。这些发现对于理解 Inc-BiN 的潜在机制具有重要意义。在多探针、同时治疗设计中，干预的实施在参与者的二元对中交错进行。每个二元组中的一名参与者仅接受不熟悉类型刺激的干预，另一名参与者同时接受不熟悉类型和熟悉类型刺激的干预。干预前和干预后的 Inc-BiN 探针与干预中未包括的刺激表明这两种情况都有效地建立了用于非熟悉类型刺激的 Inc-BiN。这些发现对于理解 Inc-BiN 的潜在机制具有重要意义。在多探针、同时治疗设计中，干预的实施在参与者的二元对中交错进行。每个二元组中的一名参与者仅接受不熟悉类型刺激的干预，另一名参与者同时接受不熟悉类型和熟悉类型刺激的干预。干预前和干预后的 Inc-BiN 探针与干预中未包括的刺激表明这两种情况都有效地建立了用于非熟悉类型刺激的 Inc-BiN。这些发现对于理解 Inc-BiN 的潜在机制具有重要意义。干预前和干预后的 Inc-BiN 探针与干预中未包括的刺激表明这两种情况都有效地建立了用于非熟悉类型刺激的 Inc-BiN。这些发现对于理解 Inc-BiN 的潜在机制具有重要意义。干预前和干预后的 Inc-BiN 探针与干预中未包括的刺激表明这两种情况都有效地建立了用于非熟悉类型刺激的 Inc-BiN。这些发现对于理解 Inc-BiN 的潜在机制具有重要意义。