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Agency and Structure in Militarized Conservation and Armed Mobilization: Evidence from Eastern DRC's Kahuzi-Biega National Park
Development and Change ( IF 3.458 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 , DOI: 10.1111/dech.12764
Fergus O'Leary Simpson , Lorenzo Pellegrini

Ongoing debates in conservation studies stress the dire consequences of ‘fortress’ and ‘militarized’ conservation at violent frontiers. Presenting evidence from Kahuzi-Biega National Park in war-torn eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), this article shows how the park has become a focal point for armed insurgent groups in the region. Although fortress conservation has contributed to one major incident of violent resistance in recent years, it plays only a marginal role in defining the structures shaping the actions of armed groups. These structures — some of which are reproduced and (occasionally) reshaped by armed groups — include the legacies of poverty and insecurity, the geographical features of the park and the presence of illicit trading networks. This perspective emerges only when we zoom out from the park to place it within the context of the history and broader political economy of the DRC. On the one hand, these dynamics severely constrain the agency of conservation organizations, leaving militarized conservation as the only feasible form of enforcement. This approach at times generates violent outcomes for certain groups of people and produces a resource-rich, isolated terrain which provides a staging ground for broader conflicts to play out. On the other hand, militarized conservation could provide basic law and order at the forest's edge. Ultimately, therefore, militarized conservation plays an ambivalent role vis-à-vis security and stability.

中文翻译:

军事化保护和武装动员中的机构和结构:来自刚果民主共和国东部 Kahuzi-Biega 国家公园的证据

保护研究中正在进行的辩论强调了在暴力边境的“堡垒”和“军事化”保护的可怕后果。本文以饱受战争蹂躏的刚果民主共和国 (DRC) 东部的 Kahuzi-Biega 国家公园为证据,展示了该公园如何成为该地区武装叛乱团体的焦点。虽然要塞保护在近年来促成了一次重大的暴力抵抗事件,但它在确定影响武装团体行动的结构方面只发挥了微不足道的作用。这些结构——其中一些由武装团体复制和(偶尔)改造——包括贫困和不安全的遗留问题、公园的地理特征以及非法贸易网络的存在。只有当我们将公园拉远,将其置于刚果民主共和国的历史和更广泛的政治经济背景下时,这种观点才会出现。一方面,这些动态严重限制了保护组织的代理,使军事化保护成为唯一可行的执法形式。这种方法有时会对某些人群产生暴力后果,并产生资源丰富的孤立地带,为更广泛的冲突提供舞台。另一方面,军事化的保护可以在森林边缘提供基本的法律和秩序。因此,归根结底,军事化保护对安全和稳定起着矛盾的作用。这些动态严重限制了保护组织的代理机构,使军事化保护成为唯一可行的执法形式。这种方法有时会对某些人群产生暴力后果,并产生资源丰富的孤立地带,为更广泛的冲突提供舞台。另一方面,军事化的保护可以在森林边缘提供基本的法律和秩序。因此,归根结底,军事化保护对安全和稳定起着矛盾的作用。这些动态严重限制了保护组织的代理机构,使军事化保护成为唯一可行的执法形式。这种方法有时会对某些人群产生暴力后果,并产生资源丰富的孤立地带,为更广泛的冲突提供舞台。另一方面,军事化的保护可以在森林边缘提供基本的法律和秩序。因此,归根结底,军事化保护对安全和稳定起着矛盾的作用。军事化的保护可以在森林边缘提供基本的法律和秩序。因此,归根结底,军事化保护对安全和稳定起着矛盾的作用。军事化的保护可以在森林边缘提供基本的法律和秩序。因此,归根结底,军事化保护对安全和稳定起着矛盾的作用。
更新日期:2023-04-27
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