Translation accuracy is one of the most critical factors for protein synthesis. It is regulated by the ribosome and its dynamic behavior, along with translation factors that direct ribosome rearrangements to make translation a uniform process. Earlier structural studies of the ribosome complex with arrested translation factors laid the foundation for an understanding of ribosome dynamics and the translation process as such. Recent technological advances in time-resolved and ensemble cryo-EM have made it possible to study translation in real time at high resolution. These methods provided a detailed view of translation in bacteria for all three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. In this review, we focus on translation factors (in some cases GTP activation) and their ability to monitor and respond to ribosome organization to enable efficient and accurate translation.

中文翻译：

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捕捉运动中的翻译机械

翻译准确性是蛋白质合成最关键的因素之一。它受到核糖体及其动态行为以及指导核糖体重排以使翻译成为统一过程的翻译因素的调节。早期对翻译因子被抑制的核糖体复合物的结构研究为理解核糖体动力学和翻译过程奠定了基础。时间分辨和整体冷冻电镜的最新技术进步使得高分辨率实时研究翻译成为可能。这些方法提供了细菌翻译所有三个阶段的详细视图：起始、延伸和终止。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注翻译因素（在某些情况下 GTP 激活）及其监控和响应核糖体组织以实现高效、准确翻译的能力。