Social exclusion (SE), or the separation of individuals and groups from mainstream society, is associated with poor health and wellbeing, yet a substantial number of older people are socially excluded. There is increasing agreement that SE is multidimensional, comprising among others social relations, material resources, and/or civic participation. However, measuring SE is still challenging as exclusion may occur in more than one dimension, whereas its sum does not reflect the content of SE. To account for these challenges, this study provides a typology of SE and describes how SE types differ from each other in terms of severity and risk factors. We concentrate on Balkan states, which are among the European countries with the highest prevalence of SE. Data come from the European Quality of Life Survey (N = 3030, age 50 +). Latent Class Analysis revealed four SE types: low SE risk (50%), material exclusion (23%), material and social exclusion (4%), and multidimensional exclusion (23%). A higher number of dimensions from which a person is excluded are associated with more severe outcomes. Multinomial regression further revealed that lower levels of education, lower subjective health, and lower social trust increase the risks of any SE type. Younger age, unemployment, and not having a partner are associated with specific SE types. This study is in line with the limited evidence that different types of SE exist. Policies designed to reduce SE should take account of the different SE types and specific associated risk factors in order to enhance the impact of interventions to reduce social exclusion.

社会排斥 (SE)，或个人和群体与主流社会的分离，与健康和福祉不佳有关，但仍有大量老年人被社会排斥。人们越来越同意社会经济是多维的，其中包括社会关系、物质资源和/或公民参与。然而，衡量 SE 仍然具有挑战性，因为排除可能发生在多个维度上，而其总和并不能反映 SE 的内容。为了应对这些挑战，本研究提供了 SE 的类型，并描述了 SE 类型在严重性和风险因素方面的差异。我们专注于巴尔干国家，它们是 SE 患病率最高的欧洲国家之一。数据来自欧洲生活质量调查（N = 3030，年龄 50+)。潜在类别分析揭示了四种 SE 类型：低 SE 风险 (50%)、物质排斥 (23%)、物质和社会排斥 (4%) 以及多维排斥 (23%)。一个人被排除在外的维度越多，结果就越严重。多项回归进一步表明，较低的教育水平、较低的主观健康和较低的社会信任度会增加任何 SE 类型的风险。较年轻、失业和没有伴侣与特定的 SE 类型相关。这项研究与存在不同类型 SE 的有限证据一致。旨在减少 SE 的政策应考虑到不同的 SE 类型和特定的相关风险因素，以增强干预措施的影响以减少社会排斥。