About 50% of cancer patients receive radiation therapy. Despite the therapeutic benefits of this method, the toxicity of radiation in the normal tissues is unavoidable To improve the quality of radiation therapy, in addition to other methods such as IMRT, IGRT, and high radiation dose, nanoparticles have shown excellent potential when ionising radiation is applied to the target volume. Recently, bismuth-based nanoparticles (BiNPs) have become particularly popular in radiation therapy due to their high atomic numbers (Z), high X-ray attenuation coefficient, low toxicity, and low cost. Moreover, it is easy to synthesise in a variety of sizes and shapes. This study aimed to review the effects of the bismuth-based NP and its combination with other compounds, and their potential synergies in radiotherapy, discussed based on their physical, chemical, and biological interactions. Targeted and non-targeted bismuth-based NPs used in radiotherapy as radiosensitizers and dose enhancement effects are described. The results reported in the literature were categorised into various groups. Also, this review has highlighted the importance of bismuth-based NPs in different forms of cancer treatment to find the highest efficiency for applying them as a suitable candidate for various cancer therapy and future clinical applications.

中文翻译：

---

铋基纳米粒子及其在癌症放射治疗的放射增敏和剂量增强中的应用综述。

大约 50% 的癌症患者接受放射治疗。尽管这种方法具有治疗益处，但辐射对正常组织的毒性是不可避免的。为了提高放射治疗的质量，除了IMRT、IGRT和高辐射剂量等其他方法外，纳米粒子在电离辐射时显示出优异的潜力应用于目标体积。近年来，铋基纳米粒子（BiNP）由于其高原子序数（Z）、高X射线衰减系数、低毒性和低成本而在放射治疗中特别受欢迎。此外，它很容易合成各种尺寸和形状。本研究旨在回顾基于铋的纳米粒子及其与其他化合物的组合的效果，以及它们在放射治疗中的潜在协同作用，并根据其物理、化学、和生物相互作用。描述了放射治疗中用作放射增敏剂的靶向和非靶向铋基纳米颗粒以及剂量增强效应。文献中报告的结果被分为不同的组。此外，这篇综述强调了基于铋的纳米粒子在不同形式的癌症治疗中的重要性，以找到将其作为各种癌症治疗和未来临床应用的合适候选者的最高效率。