Turbulence is an effective way to spread particles and drops in a fluid, which is critical for many energy systems, ranging from carbon-based power-production to spray cooling for renewable energy storage. Combining the intricacies of turbulence with the complexities of particle motion has led to numerous advances, especially in the last two decades in terms of turbulent bias, and turbulence modulations, as well as experimental confirmation of previous theories regarding turbulent diffusion and turbulent particle collisions. In this review, the fundamental features of turbulence are related to key Stokes numbers that describe one-way coupling (influence of turbulence on particle motion). This includes turbulent diffusivity for a range of inertias and drift parameters, as well as new work that describes the kinetic energy of particle velocity and of particle relative velocity. Turbulent biases are then reviewed including non-linear drag bias, preferential bias, clustering bias, diffusiophoresis and turbophoresis. Next, recent progress in turbulence modulation and particle collision frequency are discussed. Finally, a generalized flow regimes is presented to summarize the interactions as a function of particle size and particle concentration.

湍流是在流体中传播颗粒和液滴的有效方式，这对许多能源系统至关重要，从碳基发电到可再生能源储存的喷雾冷却。将湍流的复杂性与粒子运动的复杂性相结合，带来了许多进步，尤其是在过去二十年中，在湍流偏差和湍流调制方面，以及对先前关于湍流扩散和湍流粒子碰撞的理论的实验证实方面。在这篇综述中，湍流的基本特征与关键描述单向耦合（湍流对粒子运动的影响）的斯托克斯数。这包括一系列惯性和漂移参数的湍流扩散率，以及描述粒子速度和粒子相对速度动能的新工作。然后审查湍流偏差，包括非线性阻力偏差、优先偏差、聚类偏差、扩散电泳和涡轮泳动。接下来，讨论湍流调制和粒子碰撞频率的最新进展。最后，提出了广义流态以将相互作用总结为颗粒大小和颗粒浓度的函数。