Springtails have the ability to jump using morphological structures consisting of a catapult, the furca, and a latching system constructed with interaction of the retinaculum and the dens lock. The retinaculum engages in the furca at the dens lock in order to form a spring mechanism. They exhibit diversified morphological traits that serve as adaptations to a variety of terrestrial strata and aquatic surface environments. This comparative morphofunctional study centered on the retinaculum and the furcular region of the dens lock aims to describe the morphological variation between taxa and provide insights into the functional dynamics of the latching mechanism at work in the jumping apparatus. Using SEM, µCT and cLSM, we compared representatives of Collembola taxa, Poduromorpha (Neanura muscorum and Podura aquatica), Symphypleona (Dicyrtomina ornata) and Neelipleona (Megalothorax minimus), and examined extracts of the environment in which they were collected. A retinaculum is absent in N. muscorum, although vestigial muscles were found. Abdominal musculature varies significantly, being more abundant in springtails with clear segmentation (N. muscorum and P. aquatica), and reduced in springtails with fused segmentation (D. ornata and M. minimus). The M.a-ret varies as regards architecture and point of connection with the ramus, which is lateral in P. aquatica and median in the other species studied. The number of teeth in the retinaculum ramus also varies between three in M. minimus and four in the other species. The dens lock of all species studied has two locks and two furrows. The retinaculum and dens lock interact in a key-lock relationship. The latching and unlatching mechanism from the retinaculum and dens lock appear to be similar in all the taxa examined, occurring by muscle force. This leads us to question the hypothesis that hemolymph pressure may be a force generator in jumping. We offer a reconstruction of the ground pattern of the retinaculum and dens lock and, in addition, an explanation of their functioning and the interaction between them. Finally, we frame the interaction between the retinaculum and the dens lock as a latch in a biological system, a mechanism which functions by force of physical contact.

中文翻译：

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关于生物系统中的闩锁：弹子中支持带和密度锁的形态学和功能比较研究

跳尾鱼能够使用由弹射器、分叉器和由支持带和牙窝锁相互作用构成的闭锁系统组成的形态结构进行跳跃。支持带与齿锁处的分叉接合以形成弹簧机构。它们表现出多样化的形态特征，可以适应各种陆地地层和水生表面环境。这项以牙锁支持带和分叉区域为中心的比较形态功能研究旨在描述类群之间的形态变异，并深入了解跳跃装置中工作的闭锁机制的功能动力学。使用 SEM、µCT 和 cLSM，我们比较了弹尾纲、Poduromorpha（Neanura muscorum 和 Podura aquatica）的代表，Symphypleona (Dicyrtomina ornata) 和 Neelipleona (Megalothorax minimus)，并检查了它们采集环境的提取物。N. muscorum 中没有支持带，但发现了退化的肌肉。腹部肌肉组织差异显着，在具有清晰分割的弹尾（N. muscorum 和 P. aquatica）中更为丰富，在具有融合分割（D. ornata 和 M. minimus）的弹尾中减少。Ma-ret 在结构和与支的连接点方面有所不同，支在 P. aquatica 中位于侧面，在其他研究的物种中位于中间。支持带支的牙齿数量也有所不同，在 M. minimus 中为三个，在其他物种中为四个。所研究的所有物种的巢穴都有两个锁和两个犁沟。支持带和牙点锁以钥匙锁的关系相互作用。支持带和齿锁的锁定和解锁机制在所有检查的类群中似乎都是相似的，由肌肉力量产生。这使我们质疑血淋巴压力可能是跳跃中的力发生器的假设。我们提供了支持带和齿锁的基础模式的重建，此外，还解释了它们的功能和它们之间的相互作用。最后，我们将支持带和牙窝锁之间的相互作用描述为生物系统中的闩锁，这是一种通过物理接触力发挥作用的机制。我们提供了支持带和齿锁的基础模式的重建，此外，还解释了它们的功能和它们之间的相互作用。最后，我们将支持带和牙窝锁之间的相互作用描述为生物系统中的闩锁，这是一种通过物理接触力发挥作用的机制。我们提供了支持带和齿锁的基础模式的重建，此外，还解释了它们的功能和它们之间的相互作用。最后，我们将支持带和牙窝锁之间的相互作用描述为生物系统中的闩锁，这是一种通过物理接触力发挥作用的机制。