This article contributes to the understanding of why states resort to targeted, or smart, sanctions to meet the threat of cyber intrusions and whether this type of response is a forced measure or an effective tool to halt, prevent and punish attacking states. The tools of analysis used in the article are legal positivism and political theories, including Mancur Olson's theory of groups and Francesco Giumelli's analytical framework for assessment of sanctions. The authors address the effectiveness of sanctions as a reaction to cyber-enabled activities through the lens of regulation introduced in the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom, which are the most developed counter-cyber sanction regimes, analysing publicly known cases of cyber-related sanctions.

本文有助于理解为什么各国诉诸有针对性的或明智的制裁来应对网络入侵的威胁，以及这种类型的反应是强制措施还是阻止、预防和惩罚攻击国家的有效工具。本文使用的分析工具是法律实证主义和政治理论，包括曼瑟·奥尔森的群体理论和弗朗西斯科·朱梅利的制裁评估分析框架。作者通过美国、欧盟和英国（这些国家最发达的反网络制裁制度）引入的监管视角，探讨了制裁作为对网络活动的反应的有效性，并分析了众所周知的案例网络相关制裁。