Study of the use of polymers with higher conductivity like polypyrrole, and polyaniline in the electrochemical insulin sensors can overcome the drawbacks arising from the ongoing use of non-conductive polymer membrane. Conductive polymer membranes maintain the positive properties of polymers, like improved stability, reproducibility, and even increase the current response of the prepared sensor toward insulin oxidation. Three different screen-printed electrodes modified with polyaniline, polypyrrole, or chitosan with electrochemically deposited nickel nanoparticles ensuring insulin oxidation were prepared. The electrode morphology was examined via SEM with EDX analysis. Also, the electroactive surface area and stability were determined by voltammetric methods. Based on the results, the SPCEs modified by polypyrrole and nickel nanoparticles were determined as the most appropriate for the insulin determination. The NiNPs-PPy-SPCE exhibited a linear range (500 nM–5 µM), a low-down limit of detection (38 nM), high sensitivity (3.98 µA/µM), and excellent result from insulin determination in real samples (human blood serum). The results confirmed the high potential of developed sensor for future research focused on detection of insulin via electrochemistry methods in clinical samples.

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中文翻译：

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基于聚合物的电化学传感器：快速、准确和简单的胰岛素诊断工具

研究在电化学胰岛素传感器中使用具有更高电导率的聚合物（如聚吡咯和聚苯胺）可以克服因持续使用非导电聚合物膜而产生的缺点。导电聚合物膜保持聚合物的积极特性，如提高稳定性、重现性，甚至增加制备的传感器对胰岛素氧化的电流响应。制备了三种不同的丝网印刷电极，这些电极用聚苯胺、聚吡咯或壳聚糖修饰，并带有电化学沉积的镍纳米颗粒，可确保胰岛素氧化。通过 SEM 和 EDX 分析检查电极形态。此外，电活性表面积和稳定性通过伏安法测定。根据结果​​，经聚吡咯和镍纳米粒子修饰的 SPCEs 被确定为最适合胰岛素测定。NiNPs-PPy-SPCE 表现出线性范围 (500 nM–5 µM)、检测下限 (38 nM)、高灵敏度 (3.98 µA/µM) 以及真实样品（人类）中胰岛素测定的出色结果血清）。结果证实了开发的传感器在未来研究中的巨大潜力，重点是通过临床样品中的电化学方法检测胰岛素。

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