Reviewed by:

• Cultural Translations in Medieval Romance ed. by Victoria Flood and Megan G. Leitch
• Nicole Clifton

Thirteen essays from the 2018 Romance in Medieval Britain conference at Cardiff University appear in this cohesive collection that explores translation between both languages and cultural contexts. All the medieval languages of the British Isles are represented: English, French, Irish, Latin, Norse, and Welsh. Shared languages, themes, and approaches link groups of essays, so that the collection flows smoothly, with discernable sections on Welsh; gender and sexuality; structural, cultural, or historical linkages between Old French and Middle English romance; and late developments in the genre.

Flood and Leitch’s introduction lays out the central issues of the volume: frameworks in which to understand medieval translation, and the ‘mobility’ of romance. Frameworks begin with the translatio studii et imperii, a fundamental concept for medieval writers and readers, but which most commonly applies to Latin-to-vernacular translations, whereas medieval romance often shifts from one vernacular to another without strong implications for imperium. Flood and Leitch draw attention to recent work arguing that translated texts must be understood in the context of the ‘cultural conditions and assumptions of target cultures,’ including ‘shared sites of imaginative investment’ (p. 6); these are the conditions, assumptions, and sites that the thirteen essays explore. Mobility includes not only physical movement of manuscripts and readers, but also social and generic movements made by romance as the genre became more expansive.

Helen Fulton’s essay, ‘Romantic Wales: Imagining Wales in Medieval Insular Romance,’ opens with questions about the ways romances construct Welsh settings. Before the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, ‘the Welsh were co-producers’ of a romantic Wales, alongside writers in Latin and French (p. 24). After Edward I conquered Wales, the Welsh aristocratic audience for romance disappeared, and the Wales that appeared in English texts was a rugged, uncivilized wasteland. Jessica J. Lockhart follows Fulton’s questions with analysis of the Erroneous Watchman Device as it appears in Branwen uerch Lyr and two Latin texts, De Ortu Waluuanii and Historia Meriadoci. Lockhart argues that romance marvels draw on riddles to create texts that reward ‘interpretive gameplay’ (p. 54). Victoria Flood turns Fulton’s approach backwards, asking what French romance tropes offered late medieval Welsh writers in ‘The Supernatural Company in Cultural Translation: Dafydd ap Gwilym and [End Page 99] the Roman de la Rose Tradition.’ Flood suggests that the Roman’s Garden of Pleasure influences both characters and settings in Dafydd ap Gwilym’s poetry.

Attention to Celtic material continues in Helen Cooper’s essay on William of Palerne in its English, French, and Irish versions, and the changes it underwent over at least four centuries of reading, copying, and printing. Cooper asks why William ‘needed less cultural translation’ (p. 87) than other texts. Noting that positively-portrayed women remain central in all its versions, Cooper concludes that its ‘exceptionality . . . . would seem to rely on its quality as story’ (p. 100). Carl Phelpstead likewise focuses on gender constructions in his essay on Guruns strengleikr (The Lay of Gurun). The text displays complicated triangular relationships among the four main characters: Gurun, his beloved, her dwarf, and a harper. Phelpstead relates the dwarf’s evaluation of Gurun to Norse notions of masculinity, concluding that the lay ‘allows a Norwegian audience to make sense of a new world of courtly values in terms of their existing ideology of gender and sexuality’ (p. 116). Neil Cartlidge analyzes word choices in the ‘Sadius and Galo’ section of Walter Map’s De Nugis curialium to show that Map’s use of romance tropes constructs masculine sexual identities very differently from those of vernacular romance, and thus ‘invites a reconsideration of the implied sexual dynamics’ in vernacular texts (p. 119).

Turning to Middle English romance adaptations, Rebecca Newby tackles the problem of closure in Hue de Rotelande’s Ipomedon and the ways in which its Middle English translators resolve the Anglo-Norman romance’s less-than-courtly ending. Venetia Bridges addresses the central contradiction of...

审核人：

• 中世纪浪漫史中的文化翻译。维多利亚洪水和梅根·G·莱奇 (Megan G. Leitch)
• 妮可克利夫顿

卡迪夫大学 2018 年英国中世纪浪漫会议的 13 篇论文收录在这个探讨两种语言和文化背景之间的翻译的有凝聚力的合集中。不列颠群岛的所有中世纪语言都有代表：英语、法语、爱尔兰语、拉丁语、北欧语和威尔士语。共同的语言、主题和方法将论文组联系起来，使合集流畅地进行，其中包含关于威尔士语的可辨别部分；性别和性行为；古法语和中古英语浪漫史之间的结构、文化或历史联系；以及该流派的后期发展。

Flood 和 Leitch 的介绍列出了该卷的核心问题：理解中世纪翻译的框架，以及浪漫的“流动性”。框架从translatio studii et imperii开始，这是中世纪作家和读者的基本概念，但最常用于拉丁语到白话的翻译，而中世纪的浪漫故事通常从一种白话转换为另一种白话，对帝国没有强烈的影响. Flood 和 Leitch 提请注意最近的工作，他们认为必须在“目标文化的文化条件和假设”的背景下理解翻译文本，包括“想象力投资的共享场所”（第 6 页）；这些是十三篇论文探讨的条件、假设和地点。流动性不仅包括手稿和读者的身体移动，还包括随着浪漫类型变得更加广泛而产生的社会和一般移动。

海伦·富尔顿 (Helen Fulton) 的文章“浪漫的威尔士：想象中世纪岛屿浪漫中的威尔士”开篇就提出了关于浪漫故事构建威尔士背景的方式的问题。在 Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 去世之前，“威尔士人与拉丁文和法文作家一起共同创造了浪漫的威尔士”（第 24 页）。爱德华一世征服威尔士后，追求浪漫的威尔士贵族观众消失了，英语文本中出现的威尔士是一片崎岖不平、未开化的荒地。杰西卡·J·洛克哈特 (Jessica J. Lockhart) 通过分析出现在Branwen uerch Lyr和两本拉丁文文本De Ortu Waluuanii和Historia Meriadoci中的错误守望者装置来分析富尔顿的问题. 洛克哈特认为，浪漫奇迹利用谜语来创造奖励“解释性游戏”的文本（第 54 页）。Victoria Flood 倒退了 Fulton 的方法，询问在“文化翻译中的超自然公司：Dafydd ap Gwilym 和 [ End Page 99] the Roman de la Rose Tradition”中法国浪漫主义比喻为中世纪晚期威尔士作家提供了什么。弗拉德暗示，罗马的游乐园影响了达菲德·阿普·格威林 (Dafydd ap Gwilym) 诗歌中的人物和场景。

海伦·库珀 (Helen Cooper) 关于帕勒尼的威廉(William of Palerne)的英语、法语和爱尔兰语版本的文章继续关注凯尔特材料，以及它在至少四个世纪的阅读、复制和印刷过程中经历的变化。库珀问为什么威廉比其他文本“需要更少的文化翻译”（第 87 页）。注意到正面刻画的女性仍然是所有版本的中心，库珀总结说它的“特殊性”。. . . 似乎依赖于它作为故事的质量”（第 100 页）。Carl Phelpstead 在他关于Guruns strengleikr 的文章中同样关注性别建构（古润之歌）。文本展示了四个主要角色之间复杂的三角关系：Gurun、他的爱人、她的矮人和竖琴手。Phelpstead 将矮人对 Gurun 的评价与北欧男性气质的观念联系起来，得出结论认为，外行“允许挪威观众根据他们现有的性别和性意识形态来理解一个新的宫廷价值观世界”（第 116 页）。Neil Cartlidge 分析了 Walter Map 的De Nugis curialium的“Sadius and Galo”部分中的词语选择，以表明 Map 对浪漫比喻的使用构建了与白话浪漫主义截然不同的男性性身份，因此“需要重新考虑隐含的性动力” ' 在白话文本中（第 119 页）。

转向中古英语浪漫改编，丽贝卡纽比解决了顺德罗特兰德的Ipomedon中的关闭问题，以及它的中古英语译者解决盎格鲁 - 诺曼浪漫的不那么礼貌的结局的方式。Venetia Bridges 解决了...的中心矛盾