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Understanding language processing in variable populations on their own terms: Towards a functionalist psycholinguistics of individual differences, development, and disorders
Applied Psycholinguistics ( IF 1.828 ) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 , DOI: 10.1017/s0142716423000255
Bob McMurray , Keith S. Baxelbaum , Sarah Colby , J. Bruce Tomblin

Classic psycholinguistics seeks universal language mechanisms for all people, emphasizing the “modal” listener: hearing, neurotypical, monolingual, and young adults. Applied psycholinguistics then characterizes differences in terms of their deviation from the modal. This mirrors naturalist philosophies of health which presume a normal function, with illness as a deviation. In contrast, normative positions argue that illness is partially culturally derived. It occurs when a person cannot meet socio-culturally defined goals, separating differences in biology (disease) from socio-cultural function (illness). We synthesize this with mechanistic functionalist views in which language emerges from diverse lower-level mechanisms with no one-to-one mapping to function (termed the functional mechanistic normative approach). This challenges primarily psychometric approaches—which are culturally defined—suggesting a process-based approach may yield more insight. We illustrate this with work on word recognition across multiple domains: cochlear implant users, children, language disorders, L2 learners, and aging. This work investigates each group’s solutions to the problem of word recognition as interesting in its own right. Variation in the process is value-neutral, and psychometric measures complement this, reflecting fit with cultural expectations (disease vs. illness). By examining variation in processing across people with a variety of skills and goals, we arrive at deeper insight into fundamental principles.



中文翻译:

以不同人群自身的方式理解语言处理:走向个体差异、发展和疾病的功能主义心理语言学

经典心理语言学寻求适用于所有人的通用语言机制,强调“模式”听者:听力、神经正常、单语和年轻人。然后,应用心理语言学根据与情态的偏差来表征差异。这反映了自然主义的健康哲学,即假定功能正常,而疾病则是一种偏差。相比之下,规范立场认为疾病部分是由文化造成的。当一个人无法满足社会文化定义的目标时,就会发生这种情况,将生物学差异(疾病)与社会文化功能(疾病)分开。我们将其与机械功能主义观点相结合,其中语言从不同的较低级别机制中产生,没有与功能的一对一映射(称为功能机械规范方法)。这主要挑战了心理测量方法(这是根据文化定义的),表明基于过程的方法可能会产生更多洞察力。我们通过跨多个领域的单词识别工作来说明这一点:人工耳蜗用户、儿童、语言障碍、第二语言学习者和衰老。这项工作调查了每个小组对单词识别问题的解决方案,因为它本身就很有趣。过程中的变化是价值中立的,心理测量措施对此进行了补充,反映了与文化期望的契合(疾病与疾病)。通过检查具有不同技能和目标的人的处理差异,我们可以更深入地了解基本原则。我们通过跨多个领域的单词识别工作来说明这一点:人工耳蜗用户、儿童、语言障碍、第二语言学习者和衰老。这项工作调查了每个小组对单词识别问题的解决方案,因为它本身就很有趣。过程中的变化是价值中立的,心理测量措施对此进行了补充,反映了与文化期望的契合(疾病与疾病)。通过检查具有不同技能和目标的人的处理差异,我们可以更深入地了解基本原则。我们通过跨多个领域的单词识别工作来说明这一点:人工耳蜗用户、儿童、语言障碍、第二语言学习者和衰老。这项工作调查了每个小组对单词识别问题的解决方案,因为它本身就很有趣。过程中的变化是价值中立的,心理测量措施对此进行了补充,反映了与文化期望的契合(疾病与疾病)。通过检查具有不同技能和目标的人的处理差异,我们可以更深入地了解基本原则。反映与文化期望的契合度(疾病与疾病)。通过检查具有不同技能和目标的人的处理差异,我们可以更深入地了解基本原则。反映与文化期望的契合度(疾病与疾病)。通过检查具有不同技能和目标的人的处理差异,我们可以更深入地了解基本原则。

更新日期:2023-05-11
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