The paper presents new insights into the particle kinematics and tribological aspects and their effects on the non-dilative interface shear response from novel experimental investigations. A custom-designed apparatus that enables image analysis of particulate-continuum materials interactions from the bottom of the interface plane while shearing was developed. The effect of influential factors on the frictional mechanism, particle kinematics, and subsequently on the friction coefficient was investigated by performing experiments on three types of sands at different normal stresses with a transparent acrylic sheet and smooth geomembrane. The results demonstrated that the frictional response of the acrylic sheet and geomembrane was comparable, indicating that their particle kinematics at the interface could be similar. However, the critical normal and peak shear stresses differed due to the materials’ hardness. The image and micro-topographical analysis of the tested interfaces revealed that the box fixity, particle shape, and normal stress influence particle kinematics and shear-induced surface changes. The fixed box has shown restricted particle movements compared to the conventional box. Angular and smooth spherical particles exhibited lesser kinematics despite a huge difference in the shape and shear-induced surface changes. Rough spherical particles have larger displacements and shear-induced surface changes than smooth spherical particles.

中文翻译：

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从新颖的实验研究中对非膨胀界面的地球摩擦学的新见解

本文通过新颖的实验研究，对粒子运动学和摩擦学方面及其对非膨胀界面剪切响应的影响提出了新见解。开发了一种定制设计的设备，可以在剪切时从界面平面底部对颗粒-连续材料相互作用进行图像分析。通过在不同法向应力下使用透明丙烯酸板和光滑土工膜对三种类型的砂进行实验，研究了影响因素对摩擦机制、颗粒运动学以及随后对摩擦系数的影响。结果表明，亚克力板和土工膜的摩擦响应具有可比性，表明它们在界面处的粒子运动学可能相似。然而，由于材料的硬度不同，临界法向和峰值剪切应力也不同。测试界面的图像和微形貌分析表明，盒子固定性、颗粒形状和法向应力会影响颗粒运动学和剪切引起的表面变化。与传统盒子相比，固定盒子显示出受限的粒子运动。尽管形状和剪切引起的表面变化存在巨大差异，但有角和光滑的球形颗粒表现出较少的运动学。粗糙的球形颗粒比光滑的球形颗粒具有更大的位移和剪切引起的表面变化。和法向应力影响粒子运动学和剪切引起的表面变化。与传统盒子相比，固定盒子显示出受限的粒子运动。尽管形状和剪切引起的表面变化存在巨大差异，但有角和光滑的球形颗粒表现出较少的运动学。粗糙的球形颗粒比光滑的球形颗粒具有更大的位移和剪切引起的表面变化。和法向应力影响粒子运动学和剪切引起的表面变化。与传统盒子相比，固定盒子显示出受限的粒子运动。尽管形状和剪切引起的表面变化存在巨大差异，但有角和光滑的球形颗粒表现出较少的运动学。粗糙的球形颗粒比光滑的球形颗粒具有更大的位移和剪切引起的表面变化。