This paper discusses two important emphases of epistemology – of virtue and vice epistemology in particular – one concerning agency and patiency, and the other concerning self-regard and other-regard. The paper offers, for the first time in the literature, a framework in which four types of epistemological work can be categorized according to their respective dual emphases: Type 1 (agent/self-regarding), Type 2 (agent/other-regarding), Type 3 (patient/self-regarding), and Type 4 (patient/other-regarding). The paper also shows how four ways of doing epistemology can be categorized in terms of these four types and draws particular attention to one dubbed other-centering.

本文讨论了认识论的两个重要重点——尤其是美德认识论和副认识论——一个关于代理和耐心，另一个关于自尊和他尊。该论文首次在文献中提供了一个框架，其中可以根据各自的双重重点对四种类型的认识论工作进行分类：类型 1（代理人/自利），类型 2（代理人/其他） 、类型 3（患者/自我）和类型 4（患者/他人）。该论文还展示了如何根据这四种类型对四种认识论方法进行分类，并特别关注一种被称为以他人为中心的方法。