Most Islamic legal literature describes non-Muslims as ‘second-class citizens’. They do not have equal rights to Muslims, particularly under Islamic inheritance law. This article attempts to re-evaluate this general assessment by presenting cases of Islamic inheritance involving non-Muslims in post-New Order Indonesia. Using five decisions of the Indonesian Supreme Court, we argue that whilst the judges’ legal arguments are relatively progressive and inclusive by accommodating non-Muslim rights, their analogical interpretation of the waṣiat wājibah (mandatory will) is still trapped in classical fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) norms that position religious differences and apostasy as an obstacle to inheritance. Although their analogical interpretation has in some cases resulted in equal rights, the protection of non-Muslim rights has not been fully realized. The legal arguments and principles they adopt are made acceptable to the Muslim community because they maintain traditional fiqh in the context of a multicultural Indonesian society. This study has implications for equal rights among Indonesian citizens and the realization of the state’s ideals that uphold the right to freedom of religion.

中文翻译：

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包容非穆斯林权利：后新秩序时代印尼最高法院伊斯兰判例的法律论证和法律原则

大多数伊斯兰法律文献将非穆斯林描述为“二等公民”。他们没有与穆斯林平等的权利，特别是根据伊斯兰继承法。本文试图通过介绍后新秩序印度尼西亚中涉及非穆斯林的伊斯兰继承案例来重新评估这种一般评估。使用印度尼西亚最高法院的五项判决，我们认为，虽然法官的法律论据通过适应非穆斯林权利而相对进步和包容，但他们对 waṣiat wājibah（强制性遗嘱）的类比解释仍然困在古典 fiqh（伊斯兰教法理学）中) 将宗教差异和叛教定位为继承障碍的规范。尽管他们的类比解释在某些情况下导致了平等权利，对非穆斯林权利的保护还没有完全实现。他们采用的法律论据和原则为穆斯林社区所接受，因为他们在多元文化的印度尼西亚社会中维护了传统的教义。这项研究对印度尼西亚公民的平等权利和实现国家维护宗教自由权的理想具有重要意义。