Though pilgrims were purportedly sacred travelers, their actual identities and motivations for travel were far from certain. Connotations with criminality and fraud also ran deep. Beginning with a strange case in which an epileptic French priest traveling to Santiago de Compostela was arrested and investigated as an alleged spy, this article considers the ambiguities surrounding pilgrim identity and the difficulty communities had in determining intention and motivation. Drawing upon secular and church records from Navarre, Aragon, and Gipuzkoa, this article examines the methods courts employed to reveal or impose identities, including using complex forensic techniques such as building a blind criminal lineup, associative triangulation of place and person, and relying upon medical and linguistic evaluation. In many cases, these processes of evidence gathering and particularly the idea that suspects could be definitively identified runs contrary to our understanding of the lack of sophistication of early modern criminal procedure and epistemology.

中文翻译：

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热火朝天：近代早期西班牙的朝圣与犯罪

虽然朝圣者据称是神圣的旅行者，但他们的实际身份和旅行动机远非确定。犯罪和欺诈的内涵也很深。从一个奇怪的案例开始，一名前往圣地亚哥德孔波斯特拉的癫痫法国牧师被逮捕并作为涉嫌间谍进行调查，本文考虑了围绕朝圣者身份的模糊性以及社区在确定意图和动机方面的困难。借鉴纳瓦拉、阿拉贡和吉普斯夸的世俗和教会记录，本文研究了法院用来揭示或强加身份的方法，包括使用复杂的法医技术，例如建立盲目犯罪阵容、地点和人物的关联三角剖分，以及依靠医学和语言评估。在许多情况下，