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“The Dregs of the Mau Mau Barrel”: Permanent Exile and the Remaking of Late Colonial Kenya, 1954–61
Journal of Social History ( IF 0.802 ) Pub Date : 2023-05-26 , DOI: 10.1093/jsh/shad018
Niels Boender

This article seeks to illustrate the emergence and significance of permanent exile in the latter years of British rule in Kenya. Drawing on concepts of the “state of exception” in the imperial context, the analysis places Kenyan policy into a longer history of penal practice. Exile as a mode of punishment was a permanent fixture in the repertoire of the British Empire as a method of controlling rebellious subjects. In Kenya, it was a tool to ostracize “troublemakers” from their home community, stabilizing the body politic in fractious moments. However, during the State of Emergency declared against the anti-colonial Mau Mau movement, the legal and spatial production of spaces of exception, settlements in the far-flung corners of the colony, reached its apotheosis. Drawing on long histories of colonial banishment, and specific legal precedents shrouded in liberal language, administrators hoped to make Kenya safe for a loyalist ascendancy by excising the “irreconcilables.” Critically, permanent exile was deemed necessary for a section of the population “infected” with Mau Mau ideology. In large exile settlements, rebellious subjects were expected to be remade into pacified workers. Colonial correspondence, as well as the petitions of the displaced, reveal the production of exile during these years as well as its misdiagnosis of the various imaginations of the exiled. “Settlers,” at exile camps like Hola, retained an autonomous vision of “land and freedom,” refusing their forced migration, and eventually precipitating the collapse of the scheme.

中文翻译:

“Mau Mau Barrel 的渣滓”:永久流放和晚期殖民地肯尼亚的重建,1954-61

本文旨在说明在英国统治肯尼亚的后期,永久流放的出现及其意义。借鉴帝国背景下的“例外状态”概念,该分析将肯尼亚政策置于更长的刑事实践历史中。流放作为一种惩罚方式是大英帝国作为控制叛乱臣民的一种永久手段。在肯尼亚,它是一种将“麻烦制造者”从他们的家乡社区排斥出去、在动荡时刻稳定政体的工具。然而,在宣布反对反殖民茂茂运动的紧急状态期间,例外空间的合法和空间生产,殖民地偏远角落的定居点,达到了顶峰。借鉴长期的殖民放逐历史,以及笼罩在自由主义语言中的具体法律先例,行政人员希望通过消除“不可调和的因素”来确保肯尼亚的忠诚者优势。至关重要的是,对于一部分“感染”茅茅意识形态的人来说,永久流放被认为是必要的。在大型流放定居点,叛逆的臣民被期望被改造为安抚的工人。殖民地的信件,以及流离失所者的请愿,揭示了这些年流亡的产生及其对流亡者各种想象的误诊。在像霍拉这样的流放营地,“定居者”保留了“土地和自由”的自主愿景,拒绝强迫他们迁移,并最终促成了该计划的崩溃。行政人员希望通过切除“不可调和的一方”来确保肯尼亚的忠诚者优势。至关重要的是,对于一部分“感染”茅茅意识形态的人来说,永久流放被认为是必要的。在大型流放定居点,叛逆的臣民被期望被改造为安抚的工人。殖民地的信件,以及流离失所者的请愿,揭示了这些年流亡的产生及其对流亡者各种想象的误诊。在像霍拉这样的流放营地,“定居者”保留了“土地和自由”的自主愿景,拒绝强迫他们迁移,并最终促成了该计划的崩溃。行政人员希望通过切除“不可调和的一方”来确保肯尼亚的忠诚者优势。至关重要的是,对于一部分“感染”茅茅意识形态的人来说,永久流放被认为是必要的。在大型流放定居点,叛逆的臣民被期望被改造为安抚的工人。殖民地的信件,以及流离失所者的请愿,揭示了这些年流亡的产生及其对流亡者各种想象的误诊。在像霍拉这样的流放营地,“定居者”保留了“土地和自由”的自主愿景,拒绝强迫他们迁移,并最终促成了该计划的崩溃。预计叛逆的臣民将被改造为安抚的工人。殖民地的信件,以及流离失所者的请愿,揭示了这些年流亡的产生及其对流亡者各种想象的误诊。在像霍拉这样的流放营地,“定居者”保留了“土地和自由”的自主愿景,拒绝强迫他们迁移,并最终促成了该计划的崩溃。预计叛逆的臣民将被改造为安抚的工人。殖民地的信件,以及流离失所者的请愿,揭示了这些年流亡的产生及其对流亡者各种想象的误诊。在像霍拉这样的流放营地,“定居者”保留了“土地和自由”的自主愿景,拒绝强迫他们迁移,并最终促成了该计划的崩溃。
更新日期:2023-05-26
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