As the first two decades of the 20th century unfolded, clinical psychologists, who had until then been mainly associated with intelligence testing, attempted to implement a specific psychological method—Carl Gustav Jung's (1875–1961) word-association “test”—in individual personality assessments. As one of the early clinical psychologists who attempted to use the method, Carl Ransom Rogers (1902–1987) is conspicuously absent from the historiography of clinical psychological testing. In fact, historians have recently suggested that we are lacking narratives about Rogers' early ideas and techniques in the context of both the development of clinical psychology and the emergence of psychological testing as clinicians' foremost scholarly activity. In light of the above, this paper pursues two main goals. First, it attempts to reconstruct Rogers' first original research project on emotional adjustment testing in young children in the broader context of the development of word-association tests as carried out by Jung and Whately Smith (1892–1947). Second, it aims to reconstruct Rogers' earliest theoretical ideas as well as his epistemological assumptions regarding test objectivity, validity and reliability. By drawing on unpublished documents and heretofore overlooked primary sources I show that although Rogers initially drew from Jung and Smith's complex and refined tradition, he ultimately rejected it as well as the tests themselves. At first drawn to Smith's quantitative, empiricist and experimental philosophy of psychology, Rogers was deterred when the data gathered through his own research in 1927 suggested that word association tests had no real, effective clinical value when used in children. By showcasing the complex process of test construction and validation undertaken by 1920s clinical psychologists, Rogers' case illustrates the research practices, the methodological problems and the epistemological dilemmas faced by most if not all of his contemporaries.

中文翻译：

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一个我永远不会再使用的所谓客观的东西：从卡尔·荣格到卡尔·罗杰斯（1898-1927）的情绪调整研究中的词语联想和对有效性和可靠性的追求

随着 20 世纪前二十年的到来，此前主要从事智力测试的临床心理学家尝试在个体中实施一种特定的心理学方法——卡尔·古斯塔夫·荣格（Carl Gustav Jung，1875-1961）的词语联想“测试”。人格评估。作为尝试使用该方法的早期临床心理学家之一，卡尔·兰塞姆·罗杰斯（Carl Ransom Rogers，1902-1987）在临床心理测试的历史记录中明显缺席。事实上，历史学家最近提出，在临床心理学的发展和心理测试作为临床医生最重要的学术活动的出现的背景下，我们缺乏关于罗杰斯早期思想和技术的叙述。鉴于上述情况，本文追求两个主要目标。首先，它试图在荣格和沃特利·史密斯（1892-1947）开展的单词联想测试发展的更广泛背景下重建罗​​杰斯关于幼儿情绪调整测试的第一个原创研究项目。其次，旨在重构罗杰斯最早的理论思想以及他关于测试客观性、有效性和可靠性的认识论假设。通过利用未发表的文件和迄今为止被忽视的主要来源，我表明，尽管罗杰斯最初借鉴了荣格和史密斯复杂而精致的传统，但他最终拒绝了它以及测试本身。罗杰斯最初被史密斯的定量、经验主义和实验心理学哲学所吸引，但当他在 1927 年通过自己的研究收集的数据表明单词关联测试在儿童中使用时没有真正、有效的临床价值时，他却被吓住了。通过展示 20 年代临床心理学家进行的测试构建和验证的复杂过程，罗杰斯的案例说明了大多数（如果不是全部）同时代人所面临的研究实践、方法论问题和认识论困境。