The action potential conduction along the axon is highly dependent on the healthy interactions between the axon and myelin-producing glial cells. Myelin, which facilitates action potential, is the protective insulation around the axon formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS), respectively. Myelin is a continuous structure with intermittent gaps called nodes of Ranvier, which are the sites enriched with ion channels, transmembrane, scaffolding, and cytoskeletal proteins. Decades-long extensive research has identified a comprehensive proteome with strictly regularized localization at the node of Ranvier. Concurrently, axon-glia interactions at the node of Ranvier have gathered significant attention as the pathophysiological targets for various neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous studies have shown the alterations in the axon-glia interactions culminating in neurological diseases. In this review, we have provided an update on the molecular composition of the node of Ranvier. Further, we have discussed in detail the consequences of disruption of axon-glia interactions during the pathogenesis of various CNS and PNS disorders.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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朗飞节点作为轴突-胶质细胞相互作用的界面：各种神经系统疾病中轴突-胶质细胞相互作用的扰动

沿着轴突的动作电位传导高度依赖于轴突和产生髓磷脂的神经胶质细胞之间的健康相互作用。髓磷脂促进动作电位，是分别由外周神经系统 (PNS) 和中枢神经系统 (CNS) 中的雪旺细胞和少突胶质细胞形成的轴突周围的保护性绝缘体。髓磷脂是一种具有间歇间隙的连续结构，称为郎飞结，这些部位富含离子通道、跨膜、支架和细胞骨架蛋白。长达数十年的广泛研究已经确定了一个在朗飞节点上具有严格正则定位的综合蛋白质组。同时，朗飞结处的轴突-神经胶质细胞相互作用作为各种神经退行性疾病的病理生理学靶点引起了人们的广泛关注。大量研究表明轴突-神经胶质细胞相互作用的改变最终导致神经系统疾病。在这篇综述中，我们提供了朗飞结的分子组成的更新。此外，我们还详细讨论了各种 CNS 和 PNS 疾病发病机制中轴突-神经胶质细胞相互作用破坏的后果。

图形概要