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Cholic and deoxycholic acids induce mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired biogenesis and autophagic flux in skeletal muscle cells
Biological Research ( IF 6.7 ) Pub Date : 2023-06-08 , DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00436-3
Johanna Abrigo 1, 2, 3 , Hugo Olguín 4 , Franco Tacchi 1, 2, 3 , Josué Orozco-Aguilar 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 , Mayalen Valero-Breton 1, 2, 3 , Jorge Soto 2, 7 , Mauricio Castro-Sepúlveda 8 , Alvaro A Elorza 2, 9 , Felipe Simon 2, 10, 11 , Claudio Cabello-Verrugio 1, 2, 3
Affiliation  

Skeletal muscle is sensitive to bile acids (BA) because it expresses the TGR5 receptor for BA. Cholic (CA) and deoxycholic (DCA) acids induce a sarcopenia-like phenotype through TGR5-dependent mechanisms. Besides, a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia was characterised by increased levels of serum BA and muscle weakness, alterations that are dependent on TGR5 expression. Mitochondrial alterations, such as decreased mitochondrial potential and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and unbalanced biogenesis and mitophagy, have not been studied in BA-induced sarcopenia. We evaluated the effects of DCA and CA on mitochondrial alterations in C2C12 myotubes and a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia. We measured mitochondrial mass by TOM20 levels and mitochondrial DNA; ultrastructural alterations by transmission electronic microscopy; mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC-1α plasmid reporter activity and protein levels by western blot analysis; mitophagy by the co-localisation of the MitoTracker and LysoTracker fluorescent probes; mitochondrial potential by detecting the TMRE probe signal; protein levels of OXPHOS complexes and LC3B by western blot analysis; OCR by Seahorse measures; and mtROS by MitoSOX probe signals. DCA and CA caused a reduction in mitochondrial mass and decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, DCA and CA increased LC3II/LC3I ratio and decreased autophagic flux concordant with raised mitophagosome-like structures. In addition, DCA and CA decreased mitochondrial potential and reduced protein levels in OXPHOS complexes I and II. The results also demonstrated that DCA and CA decreased basal, ATP-linked, FCCP-induced maximal respiration and spare OCR. DCA and CA also reduced the number of cristae. In addition, DCA and CA increased the mtROS. In mice with cholestasis-induced sarcopenia, TOM20, OXPHOS complexes I, II and III, and OCR were diminished. Interestingly, the OCR and OXPHOS complexes were correlated with muscle strength and bile acid levels. Our results showed that DCA and CA decreased mitochondrial mass, possibly by reducing mitochondrial biogenesis, which affects mitochondrial function, thereby altering potential OCR and mtROS generation. Some mitochondrial alterations were also observed in a mouse model of cholestasis-induced sarcopenia characterised by increased levels of BA, such as DCA and CA.

中文翻译:

胆酸和脱氧胆酸诱导骨骼肌细胞中的线粒体功能障碍、生物合成受损和自噬通量

骨骼肌对胆汁酸 (BA) 敏感,因为它表达 BA 的 TGR5 受体。胆酸 (CA) 和脱氧胆酸 (DCA) 通过 TGR5 依赖机制诱导肌少症样表型。此外,胆汁淤积引起的肌肉减少症小鼠模型的特征是血清 BA 水平升高和肌肉无力,这些改变取决于 TGR5 的表达。线粒体改变,例如线粒体电位和耗氧率 (OCR) 降低、线粒体活性氧 (mtROS) 增加以及生物合成和线粒体自噬失衡,尚未在 BA 诱导的肌肉减少症中进行研究。我们评估了 DCA 和 CA 对 C2C12 肌管线粒体改变和胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠模型的影响。我们通过 TOM20 水平和线粒体 DNA 测量线粒体质量;通过透射电子显微镜进行的超微结构改变;PGC-1α 质粒报告活性的线粒体生物发生和蛋白质印迹分析的蛋白质水平;通过 MitoTracker 和 LysoTracker 荧光探针的共定位进行线粒体自噬;通过检测TMRE探针信号线粒体电位;通过蛋白质印迹分析 OXPHOS 复合物和 LC3B 的蛋白质水平;通过 Seahorse 措施进行 OCR;和 mtROS 通过 MitoSOX 探针信号。DCA 和 CA 导致线粒体质量减少和线粒体生物发生减少。有趣的是,DCA 和 CA 增加了 LC3II/LC3I 比率并降低了自噬通量,这与升高的线粒体样结构一致。此外,DCA 和 CA 降低线粒体电位并降低 OXPHOS 复合物 I 和 II 中的蛋白质水平。结果还表明,DCA 和 CA 降低了基础,ATP 相关、FCCP 诱导的最大呼吸和备用 OCR。DCA 和 CA 也减少了嵴的数量。此外,DCA 和 CA 增加了 mtROS。在胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠中,TOM20、OXPHOS 复合物 I、II 和 III 以及 OCR 均减少。有趣的是,OCR 和 OXPHOS 复合物与肌肉力量和胆汁酸水平相关。我们的结果表明,DCA 和 CA 可能通过减少线粒体生物发生来减少线粒体质量,这会影响线粒体功能,从而改变潜在的 OCR 和 mtROS 生成。在胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠模型中也观察到一些线粒体改变,其特征是 BA 水平升高,例如 DCA 和 CA。DCA 和 CA 增加了 mtROS。在胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠中,TOM20、OXPHOS 复合物 I、II 和 III 以及 OCR 均减少。有趣的是,OCR 和 OXPHOS 复合物与肌肉力量和胆汁酸水平相关。我们的结果表明,DCA 和 CA 可能通过减少线粒体生物发生来减少线粒体质量,这会影响线粒体功能,从而改变潜在的 OCR 和 mtROS 生成。在胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠模型中也观察到一些线粒体改变,其特征是 BA 水平升高,例如 DCA 和 CA。DCA 和 CA 增加了 mtROS。在胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠中,TOM20、OXPHOS 复合物 I、II 和 III 以及 OCR 均减少。有趣的是,OCR 和 OXPHOS 复合物与肌肉力量和胆汁酸水平相关。我们的结果表明,DCA 和 CA 可能通过减少线粒体生物发生来减少线粒体质量,这会影响线粒体功能,从而改变潜在的 OCR 和 mtROS 生成。在胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠模型中也观察到一些线粒体改变,其特征是 BA 水平升高,例如 DCA 和 CA。我们的结果表明,DCA 和 CA 可能通过减少线粒体生物发生来减少线粒体质量,这会影响线粒体功能,从而改变潜在的 OCR 和 mtROS 生成。在胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠模型中也观察到一些线粒体改变,其特征是 BA 水平升高,例如 DCA 和 CA。我们的结果表明,DCA 和 CA 可能通过减少线粒体生物发生来减少线粒体质量,这会影响线粒体功能,从而改变潜在的 OCR 和 mtROS 生成。在胆汁淤积诱导的肌肉减少症小鼠模型中也观察到一些线粒体改变,其特征是 BA 水平升高,例如 DCA 和 CA。
更新日期:2023-06-08
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