Recent scientific research has indicated that the gut microbiota constitutes a nuanced, diverse ecosystem of microorganisms that have gained significant attention due to its crucial involvement in shaping human health and diseases. In particular, the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in cancer prevention, and disturbances in its composition and function, known as dysbiosis, that have been linked to an increased risk of developing various malignancies. The gut microbiota exerts a myriad of effects on the production of anti-cancer compounds, the host's immune system and inflammation, underscoring its crucial involvement in cancer. Additionally, recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota has a role in the development of cancer, influencing cancer risk, co-infections, disease progression, and treatment response. The observation of reduced efficacy of immunotherapy in patients receiving antibiotic treatment indicates a substantial influence of the microbiota in mediating the toxicity and response of cancer therapy, notably immunotherapy, and its immune-related side effects. A growing body of research has focused on cancer treatments that target the microbiome, including probiotics, dietary modifications, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The forthcoming era of personalised cancer therapies is anticipated to prioritise tumor evolution, molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity, and immunological profiling, with gut microbiota assuming a pivotal position in this domain. This review aims to offer clinicians a comprehensive perspective on the microbiota-cancer axis, including its influence on cancer prevention and therapy and highlights the importance of integrating microbiome science into the design and implementation of cancer therapies.

中文翻译：

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探索肠道微生物组与癌症预防和治疗的复杂和多方面的相互作用。

最近的科学研究表明，肠道微生物群构成了一个微妙的、多样化的微生物生态系统，由于其在塑造人类健康和疾病方面的重要作用而受到广泛关注。特别是，肠道微生物群在癌症预防以及其组成和功能紊乱（称为生态失调）方面起着关键作用，这与发生各种恶性肿瘤的风险增加有关。肠道微生物群对抗癌化合物的产生、宿主的免疫系统和炎症产生无数影响，强调了它在癌症中的重要作用。此外，最近的研究表明，肠道微生物群在癌症的发展中发挥作用，影响癌症风险、合并感染、疾病进展和治疗反应。在接受抗生素治疗的患者中观察到免疫疗法的疗效降低表明微生物群在介导癌症治疗的毒性和反应方面具有重大影响，特别是免疫疗法及其免疫相关的副作用。越来越多的研究集中在针对微生物组的癌症治疗上，包括益生菌、饮食调整和粪便微生物群移植 (FMT)。即将到来的个性化癌症治疗时代预计将优先考虑肿瘤进化、分子和表型异质性以及免疫学分析，肠道微生物群将在该领域发挥关键作用。这篇综述旨在为临床医生提供关于微生物群-癌症轴的全面视角，