Most individuals who take, interpret, design, or score tests are aware that examinees do not always provide full effort when responding to items. However, many such individuals are not aware of how pervasive the issue is, what its consequences are, and how to address it. In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. James Soland will help fill these gaps in the knowledge base. Specifically, the module enumerates how frequently behaviors associated with low effort occur, and some of the ways they can distort inferences based on test scores. Then, the module explains some of the most common approaches for identifying low effort, and correcting for it when examining test scores. Brief discussion is also given to how these methods align with, and diverge from, those used to deal with low respondent effort in self-report contexts. Data and code are also provided such that readers can better implement some of the desired methods in their own work.

中文翻译：

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数字模块 32：理解和减轻低努力对测试和调查分数常见用途的影响

大多数参加、解释、设计或评分测试的人都知道，考生在回答问题时并不总是全力以赴。然而，许多这样的人并没有意识到这个问题有多普遍，它的后果是什么，以及如何解决它。在这个数字 ITEMS 模块中，James Soland 博士将帮助填补知识库中的这些空白。具体来说，该模块列举了与低努力相关的行为发生的频率，以及它们可以扭曲基于测试分数的推论的一些方式。然后，该模块解释了一些最常见的方法来识别低努力，并在检查考试成绩时纠正它。还简要讨论了这些方法如何与用于处理自我报告环境中低响应努力的方法相一致和不同。