This paper focuses on the engineering profession in Canada, a regulated field with a large proportion of internationally trained professionals. Using Canadian census data, this study addresses two main questions. First, I ask whether immigrant engineers who were trained abroad are at increased disadvantage in gaining access (1) to employment in general, (2) to the engineering field, and (3) to professional and managerial employment within the field. Second, I ask how immigration status and the origin of training intersect with gender and visible minority status to shape immigrant engineers’ occupational outcomes. The results reveal that immigrant engineers who were trained abroad are at increased risk of occupational mismatch and this risk is two-fold and intersectional. First, they are at a disadvantage to enter the engineering field. Second, those employed in the engineering field are more likely to occupy technical positions. These forms of disadvantage intensify and diversify for women and racial/ethnic minority immigrants. The paper concludes with a discussion of immigrants’ skills transferability in regulated fields from an intersectional perspective.

中文翻译：

---

技能可转移之路的交叉点：国际培训、性别和明显少数族裔地位在塑造移民工程师在加拿大的职业成就中的作用

本文重点关注加拿大的工程专业，这是一个受监管的领域，拥有大量受过国际培训的专业人员。这项研究利用加拿大人口普查数据解决了两个主要问题。首先，我问在国外接受培训的移民工程师在获得（1）一般就业，（2）工程领域，以及（3）该领域内的专业和管理就业方面是否处于更不利的地位。其次，我询问移民身份和培训来源如何与性别和明显的少数族裔身份相交叉，从而塑造移民工程师的职业成果。结果表明，在国外接受培训的移民工程师职业不匹配的风险增加，而且这种风险是双重的、交叉的。首先，他们在进入工程领域处于劣势。其次，工程领域的人员更有可能担任技术职位。对于妇女和少数种族/族裔移民来说，这些形式的不利地位加剧并多样化。本文最后从交叉的角度讨论了移民在受监管领域的技能可转移性。