Given the diverse nature of traits involved in territorial defence, they may respond to different selective pressures and then exhibit distinct patterns of evolution. These selective pressures also may cause territorial behaviour to be associated with environmental and morphological variables. Such associations, however, have mostly been studied at the intraspecific level, being phylogenetic analyses of territoriality in a broad taxonomic framework rare in the literature. We used the anuran subfamily Hylinae to test (1) whether two territorial-behaviour traits with different levels of aggression-territorial call and physical combat-are evolutionarily more labile than a morphological trait used in physical combat-the spine-shaped prepollex; (2) whether reproduction in lentic waters and phytotelmata, as well as resource scarcity, might favour the occurrence of territoriality; (3) if physical combat is more important than territorial call for the evolution of body size and sexual size dimorphism and (4) the relationships between territorial-behaviour traits and lineage diversification. We mainly used the literature to build two datasets with different levels of certainty. Territorial-behaviour traits exhibited intermediate levels of phylogenetic signal in Hylinae, whereas the phylogenetic signal for the presence of the spine-shaped prepollex was strong. We found support for the hypothesis that reproduction in lentic water favours the occurrence of territorial behaviour, because the expression of territorial-behaviour traits was more associated with reproduction in lentic than in lotic waters. Territorial-behaviour traits were not correlated with annual precipitation nor with habitat complexity. Body size and sexual size dimorphism were not correlated with the presence of territorial call nor with physical combat. We identified negative correlations between diversification rates and physical combat. Relationships of territorial call and physical combat with diversification rates suggest that these territorial behaviours influence evolutionary processes in different ways.

中文翻译：

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鬣狗树蛙领地性的演变：生态和形态相关性以及谱系多样化。

鉴于涉及领土防御的特征的多样性，它们可能会对不同的选择压力做出反应，然后表现出不同的进化模式。这些选择压力也可能导致领地行为与环境和形态变量相关。然而，这种关联大多是在种内水平上进行研究的，是在文献中罕见的广泛分类框架中对领土性进行系统发育分析。我们使用无尾亚科 Hylinae 来测试（1）两种具有不同攻击水平的领地行为特征（领地呼唤和身体战斗）是否比用于身体战斗的形态特征（脊柱状前花粉）在进化上更加不稳定；(2) 静水和植物的繁殖以及资源稀缺是否有利于领地性的发生；（3）对于身体大小和性大小二态性的进化，身体战斗是否比领地召唤更重要；（4）领地行为特征与谱系多样化之间的关系。我们主要利用文献来构建两个具有不同确定性水平的数据集。鬣狗科的领地行为特征表现出中等水平的系统发育信号，而刺状前花粉存在的系统发育信号则很强。我们发现了对静水水域繁殖有利于领地行为发生的假设的支持，因为领地行为特征的表达与静水水域中的繁殖比在静水水域中更相关。领地行为特征与年降水量和栖息地复杂性均不相关。体型和性体型的二态性与领地召唤或身体战斗的存在无关。我们发现多样化率和身体对抗之间存在负相关关系。领地呼唤和身体战斗与多样化率的关系表明，这些领地行为以不同的方式影响进化过程。