Abstract: This paper evaluates investment incentives for wind power under two market designs: uniform and nodal pricing. An electricity system model is developed, that allows for investments in wind power capacities while carefully accounting for static transmission grid constraints. Wind power capacities are assumed to reach the same expansion target by 2030 under both market designs. The results show that the introduction of nodal prices leads to investments in wind power plants shifting to locations with lower wind yield. The amount of electricity fed into the grid from wind power plants, however, is higher under nodal pricing as curtailment is reduced by two-thirds. Furthermore, grid-optimal wind locations are shown to require higher direct subsidy payments but decrease yearly variable supply costs by 1.5% in 2030. Yet distributional effects present an obstacle to the introduction of a nodal pricing regime, with about 75% of German demand facing an increase in electricity costs of about 5%. To mitigate the distorted investment signals arising from uniform pricing regimes, restricting investments within grid expansion areas proves to be more promising than including latitude-dependent generator-component in the grid tariff design.

中文翻译：

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一个价格适合所有人？统一定价下德国风电扩建的低效选址激励

摘要：本文评估了两种市场设计下的风电投资激励：统一定价和节点定价。开发了一个电力系统模型，允许对风力发电容量进行投资，同时仔细考虑静态输电网的限制。在这两种市场设计下，假设到 2030 年风力发电容量将达到相同的扩张目标。结果表明，节点价格的引入导致风力发电厂的投资转移到风力发电量较低的地区。然而，由于弃电减少了三分之二，在节点定价下，风力发电厂向电网输送的电量更高。此外，电网最佳风电位置显示需要更高的直接补贴支付，但到 2030 年每年可变供应成本降低 1.5%。然而，分配效应阻碍了节点定价机制的引入，约 75% 的德国需求面临约 5% 的电力成本增长。为了减轻统一定价制度引起的扭曲投资信号，限制电网扩展区域内的投资被证明比在电网电价设计中包括依赖于纬度的发电机组件更有希望。