This study attempted to explore pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in patients with mild/moderate coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Eight pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-31, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and three anti-inflammatory (IL-1Ra, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines, as well as two chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10), were analyzed in the serum from ninety COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. Cytokine/chemokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results revealed that IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CXCL10 were significantly higher in patients than in controls, while IL-1Ra levels were significantly lower in patients. IL-17E and CXCL9 levels showed no significant differences between patients and controls. Seven cytokines/chemokines recorded an area under the curve greater than 0.8: IL-12 (0.945), IL-17A (0.926), CXCL10 (0.909), IFN-γ (0.904), IL-1α (0.869), TNF-α (0.825) and IL-10 (0.821). As indicated by the odds ratio, elevated levels of nine cytokines/chemokines were associated with an increased risk of COVID-19: IL-1α (19.04), IL-10 (5.01), IL-12 (43.66), IL-13 (4.25), IL-17A (16.62), IL-31 (7.38), IFN-γ (13.55), TNF-α (12.00) and CXCL10 (11.18). Only one positive (IL-17E with TNF-α) and six negative (IL-1β, IL-17A and IL-17E with CXCL9, IL-10 with IL-17A, and IL-1β and IL-17A with CXCL10) correlations were found between these cytokines/chemokines. In conclusion, pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-31, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CXCL10) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-13) cytokines/chemokines were up-regulated in the serum of patients with mild/moderate COVID-19. Their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis is suggested and the association with COVID-19 risk is indicated to give more insight on COVID-19 immunological responses among non-hospitalized patients.

本研究试图探讨轻度/中度冠状病毒病 19 (COVID-19) 患者的促炎和抗炎反应。八种促炎剂（IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-12、IL-17A、IL-17E、IL-31、IFN-γ 和 TNF-α）和三种抗炎剂（IL-1Ra、IL-10）对 90 名 COVID-19 患者和健康对照者的血清中的细胞因子以及两种趋化因子（CXCL9 和 CXCL10）进行了分析。使用酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒测量细胞因子/趋化因子水平。结果显示，患者的 IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-17A、IL-31、IFN-γ、TNF-α 和 CXCL10 显着高于对照组，而患者中 IL-1Ra 水平显着降低。IL-17E 和 CXCL9 水平在患者和对照之间没有显着差异。七种细胞因子/趋化因子的曲线下面积大于 0.8：IL-12 (0.945)、IL-17A (0.926)、CXCL10 (0.909)、IFN-γ (0.904)、IL-1α (0.869)、TNF-α (0.825) 和 IL-10 (0.821)。如比值比所示，九种细胞因子/趋化因子水平升高与 COVID-19 风险增加相关：IL-1α (19.04)、IL-10 (5.01)、IL-12 (43.66)、IL-13 ( 4.25)、IL-17A (16.62)、IL-31 (7.38)、IFN-γ (13.55)、TNF-α (12.00) 和 CXCL10 (11.18)。仅 1 个正相关（IL-17E 与 TNF-α）和 6 个负相关（IL-1β、IL-17A 和 IL-17E 与 CXCL9、IL-10 与 IL-17A、IL-1β 和 IL-17A 与 CXCL10）相关在这些细胞因子/趋化因子之间发现。总之，促炎（IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-12、IL-13、IL-17A、IL-31、IFN-γ、TNF-α 和 CXCL10）和抗炎（IL-10 和 CXCL10）轻度/中度 COVID-19 患者血清中 IL-13）细胞因子/趋化因子上调。表明它们作为诊断和预后生物标志物的潜力，并表明它们与 COVID-19 风险的关联，以便更深入地了解非住院患者中的 COVID-19 免疫反应。