Sexual violence is recognized as one of the most serious forms of violence. Assessment of individuals with history of sexual offenses is essential to inform placement decisions (e.g., inpatient or outpatient treatment, foster or residential placement), guide legal dispositions, prevent their offenses, and provide the basis for treatment planning. Insights into the neurobiological characteristics in subtypes of sexual offenses are particularly important both to the advancement of its understanding and guide research clinical efforts. The goal of this systematic review is to synthesize the findings regarding the neurobiological characteristics of individuals who have committed sexual offenses, focusing on the identification of the factors that should be targeted in the assessment of these individuals. Studies related to the topic were obtained from multiple databases, through rigorous exclusion and inclusion criteria. Only empirical studies with quantitative methodologies were included. Aims, methodological aspects (sample and instruments), and main conclusions were extracted from each study. In general, this systematic review found psychophysiological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological studies, which used neurobiological techniques to evaluate individuals who have committed sexual offenses. A substantial part of the studies examined the neuroimaging profile of individuals who have committed sexual offenses against children with or without pedophilic interests, suggesting anatomical changes and functional deficits. Overall, there is enough evidence to support the link between specific neurobiological characteristics and sexual offenses, with this link being mainly revealed by neuroimaging and endocrinology studies. The knowledge about neurobiological characteristics implicated in sexual offending can help developing more accurate and valid protocols for the evaluation of individuals involved in such offenses, thereby improving diagnosis and treatment.

性暴力被认为是最严重的暴力形式之一。对有性犯罪史的个人进行评估对于告知安置决定（例如住院或门诊治疗、寄养或寄宿安置）、指导法律处置、防止其犯罪并为治疗计划提供基础至关重要。深入了解性犯罪亚型的神经生物学特征对于促进其理解和指导临床研究工作尤其重要。本次系统评价的目标旨在综合有关性犯罪者神经生物学特征的研究结果，重点是确定评估这些人时应针对的因素。通过严格的排除和纳入标准，从多个数据库中获得了与该主题相关的研究。仅包括采用定量方法的实证研究。从每项研究中提取了目标、方法学方面（样本和仪器）和主要结论。总的来说，这项系统综述发现了心理生理学、神经影像学和神经生理学研究，这些研究使用神经生物学技术来评估实施性犯罪的个人。大部分研究检查了对有或没有恋童癖的儿童实施性犯罪的个人的神经影像学特征，表明存在解剖学变化和功能缺陷。总体而言，有足够的证据支持特定的神经生物学特征与性犯罪之间的联系，这种联系主要通过神经影像学和内分泌学研究。有关性犯罪所涉及的神经生物学特征的知识可以帮助制定更准确和有效的方案来评估参与此类犯罪的个人，从而改善诊断和治疗。