Maize is one of the most important cereal food crops, and it can be grown all year in various agroecological zones. However, its vegetative growth and yield are susceptible to rainfall and temperature variability. As a result, the analysis of rainfall and temperature variability and trend was urgently needed in maize-growing agroecology zones to restructure the production system. The aim of the study was to examine rainfall and temperature variability and trends for developing a climate-resilient maize farming system in major agroecology zones in northwest Ethiopia. The study was implemented in low productive agroecology zones (LPZ), medium productive agroecology zones (MPZ), and high productive agroecology zones (HPZ) of northwest Ethiopia using daily time series climate data during the period 1987–2018. The coefficient of variation (CV), precipitation concentration index (PCI), rainfall anomaly index (RAI), and standardized precipitation (SPI) were applied to examine rainfall variability. Mann–Kendall’s and Sen’s slope estimator trend tests were used to detecting the statistical significance of changes in rainfall and temperature. Statistically significant increasing trends for annual maximum and minimum temperatures were recorded for all maize-producing agroecology zones. The mean annual temperature has exhibited a significant warming trend of 0.12 to 0.54°C per decade. The average annual rainfall has decreased by 38 to 67 mm per decade in all maize agroecology zones. Our research also showed that droughts now happen every one to three years; even consecutive droughts were seen in 2009, 2010, and 2011. For this reason, it could be required to develop a system of climate-resilient maize farming to address the issues of both global warming and the sub-Saharan countries that make up our study area. Climate-resilient maize agronomic activities have been determined by analyzing the onset, length of the growth period (LGP), and cessation date. Accordingly, the lower and upper quartiles of the date of onset of rainfall were in a range of May 9 to June 2, respectively; the length of the growth period (LGP) during the rainy season ranges from 97 to 232 days, and the cessation date of rainfall was November 1. Therefore, the short- to long-maturing maize varieties can be planted from May 9 to June 2 and can begin to be harvested in the first week of November under the current climatic circumstances.

中文翻译：

---

埃塞俄比亚主要农业生态区气候适应性玉米种植系统的气候变化和趋势分析

玉米是最重要的谷类粮食作物之一，在各个农业生态区均可全年种植。然而，其营养生长和产量容易受到降雨和温度变化的影响。因此，玉米农业生态区迫切需要对降雨和气温的变化及趋势进行分析，以重构生产系统。该研究的目的是研究埃塞俄比亚西北部主要农业生态区的降雨量和温度变化以及发展气候适应型玉米耕作系统的趋势。该研究使用 1987-2018 年期间的每日时间序列气候数据，在埃塞俄比亚西北部的低产农业生态区（LPZ）、中产农业生态区（MPZ）和高产农业生态区（HPZ）进行。变异系数（CV），降水集中指数（PCI）、降雨异常指数（RAI）和标准化降水（SPI）被用来检查降雨变化。曼-肯德尔和森的斜率估计趋势测试用于检测降雨和温度变化的统计显着性。所有玉米生产农业生态区的年度最高和最低气温均出现统计上显着的上升趋势。年平均气温呈现出每十年0.12℃至0.54℃的显着变暖趋势。所有玉米农业生态区的年平均降雨量每十年减少38至67毫米。我们的研究还表明，现在每隔一到三年就会发生一次干旱。2009年、2010年、2011年甚至出现连续干旱。可能需要开发一种适应气候变化的玉米种植系统，以解决全球变暖和构成我们研究区域的撒哈拉以南国家的问题。通过分析生长期（LGP）的开始、长度和停止日期，确定了具有气候适应能力的玉米农艺活动。因此，降雨开始日期的下四分位数和上四分位数分别在5月9日至6月2日范围内；雨季生长期（LGP）为97至232天，降雨停止日期为11月1日。因此，短熟至长熟玉米品种可在5月9日至6月2日种植根据目前的气候情况，11月第一周即可开始收获。