TiO₂ photoanodes have gained significant attention for the removal of organic pollutants through photoelectrocatalytic processes, with the aim of developing a cost-effective and efficient method for improving the degradation of pollutants in surface water. This study investigated the effects of adding titanium nanooxide (Degussa P25) containing 70% anatase and 30% rutile phases on the properties of nanostructured TiO₂ photoanodes prepared on glass substrates (indium tin oxide (ITO)) using sol–gel/dip coating techniques The results obtained from ultraviolet–visible transmittance spectroscopy, electrochemical (EC) impedance spectroscopy, photocurrent, and atomic force microscopy analyses revealed that the addition of Degussa P25 improved the electrical conductivity of the TiO₂/ITO anode and reduced the optical bandgap from 3.50 to 3.35 eV, while the size of the titanium oxide particles decreased to about 75 nm. The EC impedance spectra measurement confirms that the addition of titanium nanooxide Degussa P25 improved the electrical conductivity for TiO₂/ITO anode. The photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) performance of the TiO₂ photoanodes was investigated via the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UVA light irradiation. The AB photoanode (with the addition of Degussa P25) exhibited excellent PEC performance, with 95.9% color removal efficiency and 63% total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency, compared to 92% color removal efficiency and 56% TOC removal efficiency for the A photoanode (without the addition of Degussa P25). The kinetic constants (k) were 134 × 10⁻⁴, 110 × 10⁻⁴ (min⁻¹) for A and AB anodes, respectively, and the degradation of MB followed first-order kinetics for all anodes. The A and AB anodes were compared as electrodes for the degradation of MB using PEC, photocatalysis (PC), and EC technologies. Subsequently, The A and AB anodes were utilized as electrodes to compare the performance of PEC, PC, and EC technologies for the degradation of MB. The results showed that the AB anode exhibited higher efficiency in all PC technologies, with color removal (%) efficiencies of 95.9% (PEC), 33% (PC), and 21% (EC) compared to 92% (PEC), 28% (PC), and 19% (EC) for the A anode. Additionally, the photooxidation process had a 2.1% effect on the degradation of the initial MB concentration.

中文翻译：

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改性TiO2/ITO光阳极提高亚甲基蓝光电催化降解性能

TiO ₂光阳极通过光电催化过程去除有机污染物而受到广泛关注，目的是开发一种经济有效的方法来改善地表水中污染物的降解。本研究研究了添加含有 70% 锐钛矿相和 30% 金红石相的纳米氧化钛 (Degussa P25)对使用溶胶-凝胶/浸涂技术在玻璃基板（氧化铟锡 (ITO)）上制备的纳米结构 TiO ₂光阳极性能的影响紫外可见透射光谱、电化学（EC）阻抗谱、光电流和原子力显微镜分析的结果表明，Degussa P25 的添加提高了 TiO2 的电导率₂ /ITO阳极并将光学带隙从3.50 eV减小到3.35 eV，同时二氧化钛颗粒的尺寸减小到约75 nm。_{EC阻抗谱测量证实纳米氧化钛Degussa P25的添加提高了TiO 2} /ITO阳极的电导率。TiO _{2的光电催化(PEC)性能}通过 UVA 光照射下亚甲基蓝 (MB) 的降解来研究光阳极。AB 光阳极（添加德固赛 P25）表现出优异的 PEC 性能，颜色去除效率为 95.9%，总有机碳 (TOC) 去除效率为 63%，而 A 的颜色去除效率为 92%，TOC 去除效率为 56%光阳极（不添加 Degussa P25）。动力学常数 ( k ) 为 134 × 10 ^-4 , 110 × 10 ^-4  (min ^-1）分别适用于 A 和 AB 阳极，并且所有阳极的 MB 降解均遵循一级动力学。使用 PEC、光催化 (PC) 和 EC 技术对 A 和 AB 阳极作为 MB 降解电极进行了比较。随后，使用 A 和 AB 阳极作为电极，比较 PEC、PC 和 EC 技术降解 MB 的性能。结果表明，AB 阳极在所有 PC 技术中表现出更高的效率，颜色去除效率 (%) 分别为 95.9% (PEC)、33% (PC) 和 21% (EC)，而颜色去除效率 (%) 为 92% (PEC)、28 A 阳极为 % (PC) 和 19% (EC)。此外，光氧化过程对初始 MB 浓度的降解有 2.1% 的影响。