Toddlerhood is a period where issues of autonomy and control in parent-child relationships become particularly intense. In response to these challenges, some parents adopt controlling practices, whereas others are more autonomy supportive. However, research has yet to examine prenatal orientations that foreshadow specific controlling or autonomy-supportive parental practices in toddlerhood and children's socioemotional functioning. In particular, literature on early childhood socialization lacks sufficient evidence on the effects of the controversial controlling practice of parental conditional positive regard. To increase our knowledge on these issues, we examined reports provided by Israeli Jewish mothers during their first pregnancy (N = 294), at 18-month postpartum (N = 226), and when the child was 42 months old (N = 134). To control for child temperament, both parents reported 8-month postpartum (N = 235) on infant temperament dispositions, which may act as precursors of later socioemotional functioning. Structural equations modeling revealed that a general prenatal maternal orientation to use conditional regard as a socialization practice predicted mothers' use of the specific practices of conditional positive and negative regard with toddlers, which then predicted internalizing problems when children reached the age of 42 months. Additionally, a general prenatal orientation toward autonomy-supportive parenting predicted mothers' perspective taking with toddlers, which then predicted children's prosocial behavior at 42 months. The effects emerged also after controlling for infants' temperamental dispositions toward negative emotionality and positive affect. Findings underlie the potential role of prenatal orientations toward conditional regard and autonomy support that, when later transform into specific early parenting practices, may serve as early markers of child socioemotional adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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条件关注和自主支持的产前萌芽：与产后养育和儿童适应的关联。

幼儿期是亲子关系中自主和控制问题变得特别激烈的时期。为了应对这些挑战，一些父母采取控制措施，而另一些则更支持自主。然而，研究尚未检验预示幼儿期和儿童社会情感功能中特定控制或自主支持父母行为的产前取向。特别是，关于儿童早期社会化的文献缺乏足够的证据来证明有争议的父母条件性积极关注的控制实践的影响。为了增加我们对这些问题的了解，我们检查了以色列犹太母亲在第一次怀孕期间 (N = 294)、产后 18 个月 (N = 226) 和孩子 42 个月大时 (N = 134) 提供的报告. 为了控制孩子的气质，父母双方都报告了产后 8 个月 (N = 235) 的婴儿气质倾向，这可能是以后社会情感功能的先兆。结构方程模型显示，一般产前母亲使用条件性关注作为社会化实践的倾向预示着母亲对幼儿使用条件性积极和消极关注的具体实践，然后预测当孩子达到 42 个月大时会出现内化问题。此外，自主支持育儿的一般产前取向预测了母亲对幼儿的看法，然后预测了孩子在 42 个月大时的亲社会行为。在控制了婴儿对消极情绪和积极影响的气质倾向后，这种影响也出现了。研究结果表明，产前定向对条件关注和自主支持的潜在作用，当后来转化为特定的早期育儿实践时，可以作为儿童社会情绪调整的早期标志。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。