Ranking from seventh in incidence to sixth in mortality, esophageal carcinoma is considered a severe malignancy of food pipe. Later-stage diagnosis, drug resistance, and a high mortality rate contribute to its lethality. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma are the two main histological subtypes of esophageal carcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma alone accounting for more than eighty percent of its cases. While genetic anomalies are well known in esophageal cancer, accountability of epigenetic deregulations is also being explored for the recent two decades. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and functional non-coding RNAs are the crucial epigenetic players involved in the modulation of different malignancies, including esophageal carcinoma. Targeting these epigenetic aberrations will provide new insights into the development of biomarker tools for risk stratification, early diagnosis, and effective therapeutic intervention. This review discusses different epigenetic alterations, emphasizing the most significant developments in esophageal cancer epigenetics and their potential implication for the detection, prognosis, and treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Further, the preclinical and clinical status of various epigenetic drugs has also been reviewed.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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针对食管癌治疗的表观遗传失调：最新进展和新兴方法

食管癌的发病率排名第七，死亡率排名第六，被认为是食管的严重恶性肿瘤。晚期诊断、耐药性和高死亡率导致了其致死率。食管鳞癌和食管腺癌是食管癌的两种主要组织学亚型，其中鳞状细胞癌占食管癌病例的百分之八十以上。虽然食管癌中的遗传异常是众所周知的，但近二十年来人们也在探索表观遗传失调的责任。DNA 甲基化、组蛋白修饰和功能性非编码 RNA 是参与调节包括食管癌在内的不同恶性肿瘤的关键表观遗传因素。针对这些表观遗传畸变将为开发用于风险分层、早期诊断和有效治疗干预的生物标志物工具提供新的见解。这篇综述讨论了不同的表观遗传学改变，强调了食管癌表观遗传学最重要的进展及其对食管癌的检测、预后和治疗的潜在影响。此外，还对各种表观遗传药物的临床前和临床状态进行了综述。以及食道癌的治疗。此外，还对各种表观遗传药物的临床前和临床状态进行了综述。以及食道癌的治疗。此外，还对各种表观遗传药物的临床前和临床状态进行了综述。

图形概要