MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of small non-coding RNA, roughly 21–22 nucleotides in length, which are master gene regulators. These miRNAs bind to the mRNA's 3’ - untranslated region and regulate post-transcriptional gene regulation, thereby influencing various physiological and cellular processes. Another class of miRNAs known as mitochondrial miRNA (MitomiRs) has been found to either originate from the mitochondrial genome or be translocated directly into the mitochondria. Although the role of nuclear DNA encoded miRNA in the progression of various neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, etc. is well known, accumulating evidence suggests the possible role of deregulated mitomiRs in the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases with unknown mechanism. We have attempted to outline the current state of mitomiRs role in controlling mitochondrial gene expression and function through this review, paying particular attention to their contribution to neurological processes, their etiology, and their potential therapeutic use.

MicroRNA (miRNA) 是一类小型非编码 RNA，长度约为 21-22 个核苷酸，是主基因调节因子。这些 miRNA 与 mRNA 的 3' 非翻译区结合并调节转录后基因调控，从而影响各种生理和细胞过程。另一类被称为线粒体 miRNA (MitomiR) 的 miRNA 被发现要么源自线粒体基因组，要么直接易位到线粒体中。虽然核DNA编码的miRNA在帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿舞蹈病等多种神经系统疾病的进展中发挥着重要作用等众所周知，越来越多的证据表明，失调的mitomimiRs在各种机制未知的神经退行性疾病的进展中可能发挥作用。我们试图通过这篇综述概述mitomiRs在控制线粒体基因表达和功能中的作用的现状，特别关注它们对神经过程的贡献、它们的病因学和它们潜在的治疗用途。