Scholars have long recognized that some Pyramid Text utterances display signs of age that indicate a pre-monumental history of use. Two utterances in particular, PT 355 and PT 662, have been dated by scholars as early as the Pre- or Early Dynastic, based on lines interpreted as describing a pre-pyramidal royal tomb-form (a mudbrick mastaba or a sand grave). This article evaluates the assumptions upon which these claims are based and uses this question to examine the complex interaction between lexical semantics, religious beliefs, and material culture. This article will show that tomb terminology is not a definitive indicator of an early date of composition of Pyramid Text utterances, as the association of lexemes with specific archaeological building-types is problematized by innovations in language, religion, and architecture that occurred in the early Old Kingdom, as well as changes in modern scholarship’s understanding of the context and use of the Pyramid Texts.

中文翻译：

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墓葬术语可以用作金字塔文本年代测定的标准吗？

学者们早就认识到，一些金字塔文本的话语显示出年代的迹象，表明其在成为纪念碑前的使用历史。特别是两句话，PT第355章PT662，学者们根据描述金字塔前皇家坟墓形式（泥砖马斯塔巴或沙坟）的线条，将其追溯到前王朝或早期王朝。本文评估了这些主张所依据的假设，并利用这个问题来研究词汇语义、宗教信仰和物质文化之间复杂的相互作用。本文将表明，坟墓术语并不是金字塔文本话语构成早期日期的明确指标，因为词汇与特定考古建筑类型的关联因早期发生的语言、宗教和建筑的创新而出现问题。古王国，以及现代学术对金字塔文本的背景和使用的理解的变化。