Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic aggregates of immune cells that develop in non-lymphoid tissues under persistent inflammation. Since their presence has been associated with a better prognosis in cancer patients, modulating TLS formation is being part of new challenges in immunotherapy. Although mechanisms underlying TLS genesis are still not fully understood, different strategies have been developed in preclinical models to induce their formation and ultimately enhance antitumor responses. Herein, we will discuss a new approach that would consist in using oncolytic viruses (OV). These viruses have the unique feature to preferentially infect, replicate in and kill cancer cells. Their immunoadjuvant property, their use as a vector of therapeutic molecules and their selectivity for cancer cells, make them an attractive strategy to induce TLS in the tumor microenvironment. This review will examine the current knowledge about TLS neogenesis, approaches for inducing them, and relevance of using OV for this purpose, especially in combination with immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint blockade.

三级淋巴结构（TLS）是在持续炎症下在非淋巴组织中形成的免疫细胞的异位聚集体。由于它们的存在与癌症患者更好的预后相关，因此调节 TLS 的形成正在成为免疫治疗新挑战的一部分。尽管 TLS 发生的机制尚不完全清楚，但临床前模型中已开发出不同的策略来诱导其形成并最终增强抗肿瘤反应。在这里，我们将讨论一种使用溶瘤病毒（OV）的新方法。这些病毒具有优先感染、复制和杀死癌细胞的独特功能。它们的免疫佐剂特性、作为治疗分子载体的用途以及对癌细胞的选择性，使它们成为在肿瘤微环境中诱导 TLS 的有吸引力的策略。本综述将探讨当前有关 TLS 新生的知识、诱导它们的方法以及使用 OV 实现此目的的相关性，特别是与免疫检查点阻断等免疫疗法相结合。