Cellular stress is an intrinsic part of cell physiology that underlines cell survival or death. The ability of mammalian cells to regulate global protein synthesis (aka translational control) represents a critical, yet underappreciated, layer of regulation during the stress response. Various cellular stress response pathways monitor conditions of cell growth and subsequently reshape the cellular translatome to optimize translational outputs. On the molecular level, such translational reprogramming involves an intricate network of interactions between translation machinery, RNA-binding proteins, mRNAs, and non-protein coding RNAs. In this review, we will discuss molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and targets of translational control that contribute to cellular adaptation to stress and to cell survival or death.

细胞应激是细胞生理学的内在组成部分，强调细胞的生存或死亡。哺乳动物细胞调节整体蛋白质合成（又名翻译控制）的能力代表了应激反应过程中关键但未被充分认识的调节层。各种细胞应激反应途径监测细胞生长条件，随后重塑细胞翻译组以优化翻译输出。在分子水平上，这种翻译重编程涉及翻译机器、RNA结合蛋白、mRNA和非蛋白质编码RNA之间复杂的相互作用网络。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论有助于细胞适应应激以及细胞生存或死亡的分子机制、信号传导途径和翻译控制目标。