Social capital, comprising networks, generalized trust, and cooperation norms, is often considered a key factor in promoting prosperity and cooperation. Informal norm enforcement also drives cooperation. While early theories of social capital and norm enforcement propose that networks encourage sanctions, strong reciprocity theory argues that sanctioning non-cooperation is a universal preference. In the lab, people uphold cooperation through sanctions without networks, but this occurs only in regions characterized by high trust levels and strong cooperation norms outside the laboratory. Are trust, cooperation, and enforcement linked in the field, and if so, what are the generative mechanisms? In two neighbourhoods of Bern, one high in social capital and one low, we linked indicators of social capital and expected norm compliance from resident surveys (N = 466) with cooperation, measured with the lost-letter technique (N = 240), and norm enforcement, measured with reactions to transgressions of the antilittering norm (N = 123). Cooperation and indirect enforcement were more prevalent in the high social capital neighbourhood. Direct enforcement was rare in both neighbourhoods. The less optimistic expectations of cooperation and norm compliance prevalent in the low social capital neighbourhood can potentially explain the lower levels of cooperation and norm enforcement.

中文翻译：

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社会资本与该领域的合作和间接规范执行相关：来自瑞士的行为证据

社会资本，包括网络、普遍信任和合作规范，通常被认为是促进繁荣与合作的关键因素。非正式规范的执行也推动了合作。虽然社会资本和规范执行的早期理论认为网络鼓励制裁，但强互惠理论认为制裁不合作是一种普遍偏好。在实验室里，人们通过没有网络的制裁来维护合作，但这只会发生在实验室外信任度高、合作规范强的地区。信任、合作和执行在该领域是否相互联系？如果是，其生成机制是什么？在伯尔尼的两个社区，一社会资本高，一社会资本低，我们将居民调查（N = 466）中的社会资本指标和预期规范遵守情况与合作（用丢信技术测量）（N = 240）和规范执行（用对违反反乱扔规范的反应来测量）联系起来（N = 240）。 123）。合作和间接执法在高社会资本社区更为普遍。这两个社区都很少有直接执法。低社会资本地区普遍对合作和规范遵守的预期不太乐观，这可能解释了合作和规范执行水平较低的原因。合作和间接执法在高社会资本社区更为普遍。这两个社区都很少有直接执法。低社会资本地区普遍对合作和规范遵守的预期不太乐观，这可能解释了合作和规范执行水平较低的原因。合作和间接执法在高社会资本社区更为普遍。这两个社区都很少有直接执法。低社会资本地区普遍对合作和规范遵守的预期不太乐观，这可能解释了合作和规范执行水平较低的原因。