Detection of low-energy nuclear recoil events plays a central role in searches for particle dark matter interactions with atomic matter and studies of coherent neutrino scatters. Precise nuclear recoil calibration data allow the responses of these dark matter and neutrino detectors to be characterized and enable in situ evaluation of an experiment's sensitivity to anticipated signals. This article reviews the common methods for detection of nuclear recoil events and the wide variety of techniques that have been developed to calibrate detector response to nuclear recoils. We summarize the main experimental factors that are critical for accurate nuclear recoil calibrations, investigate mitigation strategies for different backgrounds and biases, and discuss how the presentation of calibration results can facilitate comparison between experiments. Lastly, we discuss the challenges for future nuclear recoil calibration efforts and the physics opportunities they may enable.

中文翻译：

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暗物质和中微子散射实验低能核反冲的检测和校准

低能核反冲事件的检测在寻找粒子暗物质与原子物质的相互作用以及相干中微子散射的研究中发挥着核心作用。精确的核反冲校准数据可以表征这些暗物质和中微子探测器的响应，并能够原位评估实验对预期信号的敏感性。本文回顾了检测核反冲事件的常用方法以及已开发的用于校准探测器对核反冲响应的各种技术。我们总结了对精确核反冲校准至关重要的主要实验因素，研究了不同背景和偏差的缓解策略，并讨论了校准结果的呈现如何促进实验之间的比较。最后，我们讨论了未来核反冲校准工作面临的挑战以及它们可能带来的物理机会。