Throughout the Progressive Era, settlement houses in the urban Northeast and Midwest operated robust summer camp programs for the children of their neighborhoods. Each summer, campers enjoyed two weeks of hiking, swimming, nature study, and relaxation. This article argues that summer camps exemplified the environmental agenda of settlement-house workers during the Progressive Era. Unlike smoke abatement, sanitation reform, or playground construction, which addressed isolated components of the urban environment, camps allowed them to articulate a deeply ecological critique of the industrial city. Settlement-house workers constructed camp landscapes and daily programming in response to problems endemic to atmosphere, city streets, and immigrants’ homes, providing children with a total environmental change while meanwhile pursuing slower and more piecemeal reforms back in the city. Settlement house leaders and other Progressive Era reformers discerned an intimate connection between landscapes and morality, which summer camps allowed them to address since they could reform individual behavior in addition to combatting structural inequities. Summer camps demonstrate that settlement-house workers’ environmental philosophy permeated their reform agendas, influencing social work and recreation in addition to politics and public health.

中文翻译：

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远离世界传染病：进步时代的安置所夏令营

在整个进步时代，东北部和中西部城市的定居点为附近的孩子们举办了强有力的夏令营项目。每年夏天，营员都会享受为期两周的徒步旅行、游泳、自然研究和放松。本文认为，夏令营体现了进步时代定居点工人的环境议程。与减少烟雾、卫生改革或游乐场建设等解决城市环境中孤立的组成部分不同，营地使他们能够表达对工业城市深刻的生态批评。安置所工作人员建造了营地景观和日常规划，以应对大气、城市街道和移民住宅中普遍存在的问题，为孩子们提供全面的环境改变，同时在城市中推行更缓慢、更零碎的改革。安置所领导人和其他进步时代的改革者认识到景观与道德之间的密切联系，夏令营使他们能够解决这一问题，因为除了对抗结构性不平等之外，他们还可以改革个人行为。夏令营表明，安置所工人的环境理念渗透到他们的改革议程中，除了政治和公共卫生之外，还影响社会工作和娱乐。夏令营让他们能够解决这些问题，因为除了消除结构性不平等之外，他们还可以改革个人行为。夏令营表明，安置所工人的环境理念渗透到他们的改革议程中，除了政治和公共卫生之外，还影响社会工作和娱乐。夏令营让他们能够解决这些问题，因为除了消除结构性不平等之外，他们还可以改革个人行为。夏令营表明，安置所工人的环境理念渗透到他们的改革议程中，除了政治和公共卫生之外，还影响社会工作和娱乐。