Abstract

Thirty-three honey samples were collected between 2017 and 2018 in Kastamonu Province, in order to characterise the palynological and physico-chemical properties of the honey produced in the western Black Sea region of Türkiye. Melissopalynological characteristics of the honey samples were determined based on the total pollen number in 10 g (TPN-10 g) along with the pollen taxa diversity. The physicochemical properties of the samples including humidity ratio, volatile organic compounds, total phenolic content, fructose/glucose ratio and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were determined using a refractometer, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Melissopalynological analysis revealed that the honey samples contain 49 taxa, of which 18 were determined at family level and 31 were determined at genus level. The most common taxon was Castanea sativa while the other important taxa were Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. Eleven out of 33 honey samples were monofloral and the remaining 22 samples were multifloral. According to the TPN-10 g results of the honey samples, the total number of pollens in 10 g of Kastamonu honey was between 1051 and 325 108 pollen grains. The moisture ratio was obtained between 11.9 and 18.9% while the fructose + glucose values were between 35.84 and 84.1 g/100 g. HMF content varied between 0.38 and 21.31 ppm while the total phenolic content varied between 39.6 and 138.8 mg GAE/100 g. The GC–MS analysis revealed that the samples contain compounds belonging to the groups of aldehydes, aliphatic acid and its esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, flavonoids, carboxylic acid and esters, ketones, and sugars.

摘要

2017 年至 2018 年在卡斯塔莫努省采集了 33 个蜂蜜样品，以表征土耳其黑海西部地区生产的蜂蜜的孢粉学和物理化学特性。根据 10 g 中的总花粉数 (TPN-10 g) 以及花粉分类群多样性来确定蜂蜜样品的蜂蜜孢粉学特征。采用折光仪、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、紫外-可见光谱法测定样品的理化性质，包括湿度比、挥发性有机化合物、总酚含量、果糖/葡萄糖比和羟甲基糠醛(HMF)含量。和高效液相色谱法。Melisso孢粉学分析显示蜂蜜样品含有49个分类群，其中18个在科水平上确定，31个在属水平上确定。最常见的分类单元是板栗其他重要的分类群有伞形科、菊科、苋科、紫草科、十字花科、豆科和唇形科。33 个蜂蜜样品中有 11 个是单花蜂蜜，其余 22 个样品是多花蜂蜜。根据蜂蜜样本的TPN-10克结果，10克卡斯塔莫努蜂蜜中的花粉总数为1051至325108个花粉粒。水分比在 11.9% 至 18.9% 之间，而果糖+葡萄糖值在 35.84 至 84.1 g/100 g 之间。HMF 含量在 0.38 至 21.31 ppm 之间变化，而总酚含量在 39.6 至 138.8 mg GAE/100 g 之间变化。GC-MS 分析表明，样品中含有醛类、脂肪酸及其酯、醇、碳氢化合物、类黄酮、羧酸及其酯、酮和糖类化合物。