Increasing global warming is severely affecting tree growth and development. However, research on the sex-specific responses of dioecious trees to warming is scarce. Here, male and female Salix paraplesia were selected for artificial warming (an increase of 4 °C relative to ambient temperature) to investigate the effects on morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses. The results showed that warming significantly promoted the growth of female and male S. paraplesia, but females grew faster than males. Warming affected photosynthesis, chloroplast structures, peroxidase activity, proline, flavonoids, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and phenolic contents in both sexes. Interestingly, warming increased flavonoid accumulation in female roots and male leaves but inhibited it in female leaves and male roots. The transcriptome and proteome results indicated that differentially expressed genes and proteins were significantly enriched in sucrose and starch metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The integrative analysis of transcriptomic, proteomic, biochemical and physiological data revealed that warming changed the expression of SpAMY, SpBGL, SpEGLC and SpAGPase genes, resulting in the reduction of NSCs and starch and the activation of sugar signaling, particularly SpSnRK1s, in female roots and male leaves. These sugar signals subsequently altered the expression of SpHCTs, SpLAR and SpDFR in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, ultimately leading to the differential accumulation of flavonoids in female and male S. paraplesia. Therefore, warming causes sexually differential responses of S. paraplesia, with females performing better than males.

中文翻译：

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人工变暖会影响糖信号和黄酮类化合物的积累，从而使雌性柳树的生长速度快于雄性柳树。

全球变暖的加剧严重影响树木的生长和发育。然而，关于雌雄异株树木对变暖的性别特异性反应的研究很少。在这里，选择雄性和雌性截瘫柳进行人工加温（相对环境温度升高4°C），以研究对形态、生理、生化和分子反应的影响。结果表明，变暖显着促进了雌性和雄性截瘫链球菌的生长，但雌性生长速度快于雄性。变暖影响了两性的光合作用、叶绿体结构、过氧化物酶活性、脯氨酸、类黄酮、非结构碳水化合物（NSC）和酚类含量。有趣的是，变暖增加了雌性根和雄性叶中类黄酮的积累，但抑制了雌性叶和雄性根中的类黄酮积累。转录组和蛋白质组结果表明差异表达基因和蛋白质在蔗糖和淀粉代谢以及类黄酮生物合成途径中显着富集。对转录组、蛋白质组、生化和生理数据的综合分析表明，变暖改变了雌性根和雌性根中SpAMY、SpBGL、SpEGLC和SpAGPase基因的表达，导致NSC和淀粉减少以及糖信号传导激活，特别是SpSnRK1s。雄叶。这些糖信号随后改变了类黄酮生物合成途径中 SpHCT、SpLAR 和 SpDFR 的表达，最终导致雌性和雄性截瘫 S. 中黄酮类化合物的积累差异。因此，变暖会导致截瘫链球菌的性别差异反应，雌性比雄性表现更好。