To better understand biology by environment interactions in early temperament, we examined whether children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; resting RSA and RSA reactivity) operated as a biological marker of differential susceptibility to maternal harsh parenting in predicting children's temperament. Participants were 133 mother-child dyads (53% male children) from families oversampled for lower income, higher life stress, and child maltreatment risk. Mothers reported harsh parenting at age 3 and children's temperament, including negative affectivity, effortful control, and surgency, at ages 3 and 4. Resting RSA was measured during a 3-min resting task. RSA reactivity was computed as a difference score between a 4-min toy cleanup task and the resting task. Results showed that the interaction between maternal harsh parenting and children's resting RSA significantly predicted negative affectivity, after controlling for sex, household income, and age 3 negative affectivity. Specifically, harsh parenting positively predicted negative affectivity among children with higher, but not lower, resting RSA. Similarly, maternal harsh parenting interacted with children's RSA reactivity to predict negative affectivity after adjusting for controls, such that harsh parenting positively predicted negative affectivity in children with higher, but not lower, RSA reactivity. These findings suggest that higher resting RSA and greater RSA reactivity may operate as markers of increased susceptibility to negative parenting in the development of negative affectivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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母亲严厉养育与儿童气质之间的纵向关联：儿童呼吸性窦性心律失常的调节作用。

为了通过早期气质中的环境相互作用更好地理解生物学，我们研究了儿童呼吸性窦性心律失常（RSA；静息RSA和RSA反应性）是否可以作为对母亲严厉教养不同易感性的生物标志物来预测儿童的气质。参与者是 133 名母子二人组（53% 是男孩），他们来自因收入较低、生活压力较大和儿童虐待风险而被过度抽样的家庭。母亲们在 3 岁时报告了严厉的养育方式，并在 3 岁和 4 岁时报告了儿童的气质，包括消极情感、努力控制和急躁。静息 RSA 是在 3 分钟的休息任务中测量的。RSA 反应性计算为 4 分钟玩具清理任务和休息任务之间的差异分数。结果表明，在控制性别、家庭收入和 3 岁消极情感之后，母亲严厉的养育方式与儿童静息 RSA 之间的相互作用显着预测了消极情感。具体来说，严酷的养育方式正向预测静息RSA较高而非较低的儿童的负面情绪。同样，母亲严厉的养育方式与儿童的 RSA 反应性相互作用，在调整对照后预测负面情感，这样，严厉的养育方式积极地预测 RSA 反应性较高而非较低的儿童的负面情感。这些发现表明，较高的静息 RSA 和较高的 RSA 反应性可能是在消极情感发展过程中对消极养育的敏感性增加的标志。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。