Abstract

After dozens of attacks during the past ten years in which hundreds have been killed by French jihadists, it is often suggested that subversive attitudes towards the Republic and its code of laïcité are widespread among Muslims in France. Yet while Muslims are often at odds with recent laws that they consider to be unfairly targeted against them, those interviewed in opinion surveys express high levels of support for the code of laïcité as laid down in the law of 1905, which separated the state and its representatives from religious institutions while simultaneously safeguarding the right of members of civil society to express their religious beliefs not only privately but also in the public sphere. Very few Muslim girls were exercising their right to wear headscarves in state schools when these were banned in 2004, and very few women were wearing burkas until these in turn were banned in any public space in 2010. But these new laws have been perceived as Islamophobic not only by the tiny minorities who were wearing these garments but also by many other Muslims, in whose eyes these measures parallel other long-standing patterns of discrimination hindering their access to jobs, housing and other social goods.

摘要

在过去十年中发生了数十起袭击事件，其中数百人被法国圣战分子杀害之后，人们经常认为，法国穆斯林中普遍存在对共和国及其世俗准则的颠覆态度。然而，尽管穆斯林经常反对最近的法律，认为这些法律针对他们不公平，但接受民意调查的受访者表示高度支持世俗守则正如1905年法律所规定的那样，该法律将国家及其代表与宗教机构分开，同时保障民间社会成员不仅在私下而且在公共领域表达其宗教信仰的权利。2004 年公立学校禁止戴头巾时，很少有穆斯林女孩在公立学校行使戴头巾的权利；直到 2010 年在任何公共场所禁止戴罩袍之前，也很少有妇女穿罩袍。但这些新法律被视为仇视伊斯兰教。不仅是穿着这些服装的极少数人，而且还有许多其他穆斯林，在他们眼中，这些措施与阻碍他们获得工作、住房和其他社会福利的其他长期存在的歧视模式类似。