Environmental planning facilitates decision-making to achieve sustainable development goals and provides a crucial way to achieve integrated watershed management (IWM). However, such systematic planning has not been adequately conducted worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop an IWM framework using SWOT (i.e., strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) model for the Cheshmeh–Kileh Watershed, Mazandaran Province, Iran. The input components were comparatively weighted using different multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, including Game Theory Algorithm (GTA), Best–Worst Method (BWM), VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Semistructured interviews with stakeholders, including watershed residents, executive experts, and policymakers, were used to identify the SWOT factors. The number of interviewees in subgroups of local users, policy-making institutions and executive organization were 75, 13, and 6 respectively. Five different MCDM techniques were then used to calculate the overall weight of SWOT factors. According to the results, the groups of SWOT factors of abundant water resources, severe floods, promotion of environmental conservation culture, and increasing migration of young age groups with respective weights of 0.298, 0.298, 0.372, and 0.279 scored higher than other factors. Based on the overall weights, it can be said that positive factors scored more points than negative factors. Therefore, according to the opinions of the stakeholders, the Cheshmeh–Kileh Watershed was in a good condition based on strengths and opportunities compared to weaknesses and threats, and for this reason, GTA and SAW, which had included the watershed status in the growth and development strategy, were selected as the best method. BWM and TOPSIS provided relatively acceptable results, and the weakest result was associated with VIKOR, which showed the watershed status in the defensive strategy. The present study results can help managers in optimal decisions for planning and optimal management in the Cheshmeh–Kileh Watershed to create ecological balance and increase the welfare of watershed residents.

中文翻译：

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基于 MCDM-SWOT 技术开发综合流域管理框架的比较适用性

环境规划有助于决策以实现可持续发展目标，并提供实现综合流域管理（IWM）的重要途径。然而，这种系统规划在世界范围内尚未得到充分实施。因此，本研究旨在利用 SWOT（即优势、劣势、机会和威胁）模型为伊朗马赞德兰省 Cheshmeh-Kileh 流域开发 IWM 框架。使用不同的多标准决策 (MCDM) 技术对输入组件进行相对加权，包括博弈论算法 (GTA)、最佳-最差方法 (BWM)、VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR)、通过与理想解决方案相似度进行偏好排序的技术（TOPSIS）和简单相加加权（SAW）。对利益相关者（包括流域居民、执行专家和政策制定者）​​进行半结构化访谈来确定 SWOT 因素。当地用户、决策机构和执行机构三个小组的受访者人数分别为 75 人、13 人和 6 人。然后使用五种不同的 MCDM 技术来计算 SWOT 因素的总体权重。结果显示，水资源丰富、洪涝灾害严重、环保文化弘扬、青少年外出人口增多这四个因素的SWOT因子组得分高于其他因子，权重分别为0.298、0.298、0.372、0.279。从总体权重来看，可以说积极因素得分高于消极因素。因此，根据利益相关者的意见，与弱点和威胁相比，切什梅-基勒流域处于优势和机遇的良好状态，因此，GTA 和 SAW 已将流域状态纳入增长和发展战略，被选为最佳方法。BWM和TOPSIS的结果相对较好，最弱的结果是VIKOR，这表明了防御策略中的分水岭地位。目前的研究结果可以帮助管理者做出切什梅-基莱流域规划和优化管理的最佳决策，以创造生态平衡并增加流域居民的福利。