Migratory connectivity describes the linkage between breeding and non-breeding sites, having major ecological implications in birds: one season influence the success of an individual or a population in the following season. Most studies on migratory connectivity have used large-scale approaches, often considering regional populations, but fine-scale studies are also necessary to understand colony connectivity. The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni, an insectivorous migratory raptor which form colonies during the breeding period, was considered to have strong connectivity based on regional populations. However, no small scale studies on migratory connectivity have been conducted. Therefore, we GPS-tracked 40 adult lesser kestrels from 15 different Spanish breeding colonies, estimating the overlap index between home ranges and the distance between their centroids. It was found that lesser kestrels from the same breeding colony placed their non-breeding areas at 347 ± 281 km (mean ± standard deviation) away from each other (range = 23-990), and their home ranges overlapped by 38.4 ± 23.6%. No differences between intra-colony and inter-colony metrics were found, which suggests that lesser kestrels from the same breeding cluster do not overwinter together, but they spread out and mixed independently of the colony belonging throughout the non-breeding range of the species. Ultimately, this study highlights the importance of performing connectivity studies using fine-scale approaches.

中文翻译：

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同一群体的小红隼不会一起越冬

迁徙连通性描述了繁殖地和非繁殖地之间的联系，对鸟类具有重大的生态影响：一个季节影响个体或种群在下一季节的成功。大多数关于迁徙连通性的研究都使用大规模方法，通常考虑区域人口，但为了了解群体连通性，也需要进行精细研究。小红隼 Falco naumanni 是一种食虫性迁徙猛禽，在繁殖期间形成群体，被认为基于区域种群具有很强的连通性。然而，尚未对迁移连通性进行小规模研究。因此，我们通过 GPS 追踪了来自 15 个不同西班牙繁殖地的 40 只成年小红隼，估计家庭范围之间的重叠指数及其质心之间的距离。结果发现，来自同一繁殖群的小红隼将其非繁殖区域彼此相距 347 ± 281 公里（平均值 ± 标准差）（范围 = 23-990），并且它们的栖息地范围重叠了 38.4 ± 23.6% 。没有发现群体内和群体间的指标存在差异，这表明来自同一繁殖群的小红隼不会一起越冬，但它们在整个物种的非繁殖范围内独立于属于群体的分散和混合。最终，这项研究强调了使用精细方法进行连通性研究的重要性。结果发现，来自同一繁殖群的小红隼将其非繁殖区域彼此相距 347 ± 281 公里（平均值 ± 标准差）（范围 = 23-990），并且它们的栖息地范围重叠了 38.4 ± 23.6% 。没有发现群体内和群体间的指标存在差异，这表明来自同一繁殖群的小红隼不会一起越冬，但它们在整个物种的非繁殖范围内独立于属于群体的分散和混合。最终，这项研究强调了使用精细方法进行连通性研究的重要性。结果发现，来自同一繁殖群的小红隼将其非繁殖区域彼此相距 347 ± 281 公里（平均值 ± 标准差）（范围 = 23-990），并且它们的栖息地范围重叠了 38.4 ± 23.6% 。没有发现群体内和群体间的指标存在差异，这表明来自同一繁殖群的小红隼不会一起越冬，但它们在整个物种的非繁殖范围内独立于属于群体的分散和混合。最终，这项研究强调了使用精细方法进行连通性研究的重要性。这表明来自同一繁殖群的小红隼不会一起越冬，而是在整个物种的非繁殖范围内独立于属于其群体的散布和混合。最终，这项研究强调了使用精细方法进行连通性研究的重要性。这表明来自同一繁殖群的小红隼不会一起越冬，而是在整个物种的非繁殖范围内独立于属于其群体的散布和混合。最终，这项研究强调了使用精细方法进行连通性研究的重要性。