Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, synovial membrane inflammation, osteophyte formation, and subchondral bone sclerosis. Pathological changes in cartilage and subchondral bone are the main processes in OA. In recent decades, many studies have demonstrated that activin-like kinase 3 (ALK3), a bone morphogenetic protein receptor, is essential for cartilage formation, osteogenesis, and postnatal skeletal development. Although the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling in articular cartilage and bone has been extensively studied, many new discoveries have been made in recent years around ALK3 targets in articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and the interaction between the two, broadening the original knowledge of the relationship between ALK3 and OA. In this review, we focus on the roles of ALK3 in OA, including cartilage and subchondral bone and related cells. It may be helpful to seek more efficient drugs or treatments for OA based on ALK3 signalling in future.

中文翻译：

---

ALK3 在骨关节炎中的多重作用。

骨关节炎（OA）是一种慢性退行性关节疾病，其特征是进行性软骨退化、滑膜炎症、骨赘形成和软骨下骨硬化。软骨和软骨下骨的病理改变是OA的主要过程。近几十年来，许多研究表明，激活素样激酶 3 (ALK3) 作为一种骨形态发生蛋白受体，对于软骨形成、成骨和出生后骨骼发育至关重要。尽管骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）信号在关节软骨和骨中的作用已被广泛研究，但近年来围绕关节软骨、软骨下骨中的 ALK3 靶点以及两者之间的相互作用取得了许多新发现，拓宽了原有的研究领域。了解 ALK3 和 OA 之间的关系。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注 ALK3 在 OA 中的作用，包括软骨和软骨下骨及相关细胞。未来基于 ALK3 信号传导寻找更有效的 OA 药物或治疗方法可能会有所帮助。