ABSTRACT

We inquire into different perspectives and patterns of problematizing online hate speech within the social sciences from a systems-theoretical perspective. Our results identify five different research perspectives adopted by studies on the issue: (1) systematic perspectives on problems of operationalizing (online) hate speech; (2) intentionalist perspectives on actors and their motives; (3) consequentialist perspectives on victims of online hate speech; (4) perspectives on media affordances, infrastructures, and strategies of online hate speech; and finally, (5) normative perspectives on the consequences of online hate speech. Additionally, we want to propose a functionalist perspective on hate communication and, for this purpose, develop a systems-theoretical and media-sociological framework for analyzing online hate speech. A systems-theoretical perspective connects to a process-oriented paradigm of doing hate speech. Instead of asking what hate speech is, a systems-theoretical framework focuses on how different communicative contextures empirically produce different understandings of hate communication. We will make four research proposals: We will (1) conceptualize hate as hate communication, then proceed to (2) analyze different communicative contextures, (3) develop media archeology of negation and conflict communication, and finally (4) focus on the function of conflict and hate communication for the emergence of (counter-)publics.

摘要

我们从系统理论的角度探讨社会科学中解决在线仇恨言论问题的不同观点和模式。我们的结果确定了对该问题的研究采用的五种不同的研究视角：（1）对（在线）仇恨言论实施问题的系统视角；(2) 对行为者及其动机的意向主义观点；(3) 对网络仇恨言论受害者的结果主义观点；(4) 对媒体可供性、基础设施和网络仇恨言论策略的看法；最后，（5）关于网络仇恨言论后果的规范观点。此外，我们希望提出一种关于仇恨传播的功能主义观点，并为此目的开发一个系统理论和媒体社会学框架来分析在线仇恨言论。系统理论的视角与仇恨言论的面向过程的范式联系在一起。系统理论框架不是问什么是仇恨言论，而是关注不同的交流环境如何凭经验产生对仇恨交流的不同理解。我们将提出四项研究建议：我们将（1）将仇恨概念化为仇恨沟通，然后继续（2）分析不同的沟通情境，（3）发展否定和冲突沟通的媒体考古学，最后（4）关注功能冲突和仇恨交流导致（反）公众的出现。系统理论框架侧重于不同的交流环境如何凭经验产生对仇恨交流的不同理解。我们将提出四项研究建议：我们将（1）将仇恨概念化为仇恨沟通，然后继续（2）分析不同的沟通情境，（3）发展否定和冲突沟通的媒体考古学，最后（4）关注功能冲突和仇恨交流导致（反）公众的出现。系统理论框架侧重于不同的交流环境如何凭经验产生对仇恨交流的不同理解。我们将提出四项研究建议：我们将（1）将仇恨概念化为仇恨沟通，然后继续（2）分析不同的沟通情境，（3）发展否定和冲突沟通的媒体考古学，最后（4）关注功能冲突和仇恨交流导致（反）公众的出现。